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PhD proposal DynFluid Laboratory, Arts & Métiers ParisTech Robust optimization of ORC turbine expanders Supervisor: P. Cinnella, Professor (paola.cinnella@ensam.eu) Duration : 3 years ; Start between march and september 2013 Funding : approximately 1900 €/month (net salary); cheap student accommodation possible. The research activity will take place at Laboratoire DynFluid, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, 151 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France Dense gases are defined as single phase vapors, characterized by complex molecules and moderate to large molecular weights. The use of dense gases as working media in turbomachinery, referred to as Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) turbines, is proposed as a method of recovery of variable energy sources such as waste heat from industrial processes. Whereas a traditional Rankine Cycle operates with water vapor as the working fluid, ORC turbines use an organic fluid such as hydrocarbons, silicon oils or other organic refrigerants. The low critical temperature, high density and elevated heat capacities of these fluids result in high suitability for low temperature operation, even as low as 80°C [1]. Furthermore, the slope of the saturated vapor line for organic fluids eliminates the risk of condensate at the turbine outlet, without heating the working fluid into the superheated vapor region. ORCs represent a promising technology for the development of widely distributed, small yield (from 5 kW to 1 MW) thermal energy conversion devices [2,3]. Proposed heat sources for ORC turbines typically include variable energy sources such as solar thermal collectors or waste heat from industrial processes. As a result, to improve the feasibility of this technology, the resistance to variable input conditions must be taken into account at an early stage of the development process. Robust design has been developed to improve the product quality and reliability in industrial Engineering. The concept of robust design had been introduced by Dr. G. Taguchi in the late 1940s and his technique has become commonly known as the Taguchi method or robust design [4,5]. Since 1980s, the Taguchi method has been applied to numerical optimization, complementing the deficiencies of deterministic optimization. This newly developed method is often called robust optimization and it overcomes the limitation of deterministic optimization that neglects the effect of uncertainties in design variables and/or design parameters. The robustness is determined by a measure of insensitiveness with respect to the variations. To consider the robustness, statistics such as mean and variance (or standard deviation) of a response are calculated in the robust optimization process. Hereafter, “statistics” imply mean and variance. Currently, there are significant difficulties associated with calculation of statistics, especially in Aerodynamics, where each single evaluation of the cost functions requires solving a complex nonlinear problem with many degrees of freedom. In recent years, several robust optimization techniques for aerodynamic problems have been proposed [6,7,8]. In most cases, applications have been limited to simple problems, like flow around airfoils. Some applications to 2D compressor blades have also been investigated [9,10]. Nevertheless, most of these studies remain still generic and none of them have really addressed robust optimization of realistic ORC turbine expanders, taking into account real-world operation conditions. Moreover, robust optimization still remains very costly for fluid flow problems. The proposed PhD internship is part of project TRENERGY (TRain ENergy Efficiency via Rankine- cycle exhaust Gas heat recoverY), funded by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche, and involving partners as IFPEN (Institut Français du Pétrole Energies Nouvelles), ALSTOM, and ENOGIA (French constructor for ORC engines). The PhD candidate is expected to participate to the progress meetings and to interact with the project partners. The objective of the proposed PhD is twofold: 1) to investigate the feasibility and the benefits of robustly optimized turbine expanders for ORC applications; 2) to develop more accurate and efficient robust optimization techniques for real-world applications.PDF Image | Robust optimization of ORC turbine expanders
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