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IOP PUBLISHING SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 025021 (12pp) doi:10.1088/0964-1726/21/2/025021 Pyroelectric waste heat energy harvesting using relaxor ferroelectric 8/65/35 PLZT and the Olsen cycle Felix Y Lee, Sam Goljahi, Ian M McKinley, Christopher S Lynch and Laurent Pilon1 Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA E-mail: pilon@seas.ucla.edu Received 20 October 2011, in final form 9 December 2011 Published 26 January 2012 Online at stacks.iop.org/SMS/21/025021 Abstract Waste heat can be directly converted into electrical energy by performing the Olsen cycle on pyroelectric materials. The Olsen cycle consists of two isothermal and two isoelectric field processes in the electric displacement versus electric field diagram. This paper reports on the electrical energy generated by lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate (8/65/35 PLZT) subjected to the Olsen cycle. The material was alternately dipped into a cold and a hot silicone oil bath under specified electric fields. A maximum energy density of 888 J l−1/cycle was obtained with a 290 μm thick 8/65/35 PLZT sample for temperatures between 25 and 160 ◦C and electric fields cycled between 0.2 and 7.5 MV m−1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest pyroelectric energy density experimentally measured with multiple cycles. It corresponded to a power density of 15.8 W l−1. The electrical breakdown strength and therefore the energy and power densities of the material increased as the sample thickness was reduced from 720 to 290 μm. Furthermore, a physical model for estimating the energy harvested by ferroelectric relaxors was further validated against experimental data for a wide range of electric fields and temperatures. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal) 1. Introduction Waste heat is rejected as a by-product of power, refrigeration or heat pump cycles as a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. In 2009, more than 55% of the energy consumed in the United States was lost as low temperature waste heat [1]. For example, the transportation sector contributed to 37% of the total waste heat. This is due to the fact that about 25–35% of the energy contained in the fuel of cars and trucks is typically converted into useful energy while the rest is dissipated as heat through the radiator and the exhaust pipe [2]. In the past decade, direct energy conversion technologies for harvesting low temperature waste heat have received significant attention. 1 www.seas.ucla.edu/∼pilon. 0964-1726/12/025021+12$33.00 1 For example, thermoelectric devices directly convert a steady-state temperature difference at the junction of two dissimilar materials into electrical energy based on the Seebeck effect [3]. Alternatively, the pyroelectric effect consists of directly converting a time-dependent temperature oscillation into electrical energy [4–21]. In practice, the generated energy can be harvested by delivering it to an external load or storage unit [22]. Several pyroelectric devices have been designed and operated to create the temporal temperature oscillations required in pyroelectric waste heat harvesting [4–12, 15–18, 21–28]. The required temperature oscillations have been achieved passively in various designs [27, 28]. In order to achieve the maximum device performance, it is also necessary to identify the pyroelectric material that generates the largest amount of energy and power densities for a given temperature range. ⃝c 2012 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK & the USAPDF Image | Pyroelectric waste heat harvesting using relaxor ferroelectric
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