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energy demands at different temperatures does not necessarily require multiple energy sources. In cascaded systems, a single thermal energy source can supply a range of end-uses by utilizing the heat output from one process as a heat input into another process. The Northeastern part of the United States is particularly suitable for geothermal direct-use and cogeneration applications due to limited availability of solar resources as well as high and relatively constant heating loads. In many areas of the Northeast, geothermal gradients reach 30-35°C/km (Shope et al., 2012). Using these resources in electricity-only power plants would require drilling deep wells and yield expensive electricity. Such geothermal gradients may be sufficient to provide heat at competitive prices for many direct-use applications. To analyze the feasibility of EGS in low-grade geothermal regions, we performed an assessment of retrofitting a geothermal district heating (DH) network at Cornell University. A part of the existing steam district heating network at Cornell campus, which currently requires the most maintenance, was isolated and converted into a hot water heating system. The proposed system utilizes heat extracted from a deep EGS reservoir in Ithaca, New York. The geothermal district heating system is supported by a torrefied biomass boiler when demand is high during periods of very cold outdoor temperatures. In this study heat cascading solutions are considered for Cornell greenhouses in order to improve geothermal heat utilization. Cornell with its 30,000 students, faculty, and staff provides an ideal setting for a commercial scale low- temperature geothermal demonstration project. With an average electricity demand of 30 MWe and a high annual heating demand of over 380 GWh, the distributed energy supply system at Cornell can be used as a model for many mid-sized communities in the Northeastern United States. Additional motivation comes with the Cornell Climate Action Plan (CAP, Cornell University, 2009), which sets a goal for the Ithaca campus to become carbon neutral by 2050. The CAP provides a framework for gradual reduction in greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. It also considers supplementing the efficient Cornell lake source cooling system with a heating system based on two of the most available and economically feasible heat sources in the region: low-temperature geothermal and biomass. EXISTING ENERGY SYSTEM AT CORNELL Cornell University is located in the Finger Lakes region of New York State. The campus covers an area of approximately 3 km2 (745 acres). It includes facilities with a total net building area of 883,445 m2 (9,509,000 sq. ft.). Its Northern latitude location results in approx. 7182 annual standard heating degree-days and 315 cooling degree-days evaluated using 18.3°C (65°F) baseline (EERE, 2013). The total annual heat demand of Cornell campus is 382 GWh. Electricity demand is 250 GWh annually, with the highest fluctuations occurring day to night rather than on a seasonal basis. Monthly heat demand of Cornell campus buildings was quantified using data collected by Cornell Facilities and was found to vary from 11 to 53 GWh. Results are presented in Figure 1. Figure 1: Monthly heat demand of all Cornell campus buildings in Ithaca. The Cornell greenhouses cover an area of 18,600 m2 (200,000 sq. ft.). Their monthly heat consumption ranges from 0.45 GWh in the summer to 2.3 GWh in the winter. Greenhouses are primarily used for academic programs and research purposes. The heat demand of the Cornell campus is covered by a steam district heating network powered by a cogeneration (CHP) plant. The cooling demand is mainly covered by chilled water supplied by a lake source cooling system (CU Energy and Sustainability, 2013). In addition, several absorption chillers are used around the campus, primarily for dehumidification of swimming pools. Cornell University owns a state of the art natural gas combined cycle CHP plant, which has been fully operational since 2009. The schematic of the CHP plant is presented in Figure 2. The system utilizes two combustion turbines, each producing on average 14.3MWe. Turbines are fitted with heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) producing on average a total of 34.8MWth. Gas turbines are designed to operate under full load and therefore cannot track changes in electric demand. If the heat demandPDF Image | PROPOSED HYBRID GEOTHERMAL - NATURAL GAS - BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEM
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