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PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Eighth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 11-13, 2013 SGP-TR-198 A PROPOSED HYBRID GEOTHERMAL - NATURAL GAS - BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEM FOR CORNELL UNIVERSITY. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF RETROFITTING A LOW - TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM AND HEAT CASCADING SOLUTIONS. Maciej Z. Lukawski1,2,*, Konstantinos Vilaetis1,2, Lizeta Gkogka1,2, Koenraad F. Beckers1,2, Brian J. Anderson3, Jefferson W. Tester1,2 1Cornell Energy Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 2School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 3Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA * Corresponding author: mzl8@cornell.edu ABSTRACT Cornell‟s 2009 Climate Action Plan provides a roadmap for the Cornell University to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. A geothermal-biomass hybrid renewable energy system has been proposed as a component of Cornell‟s transformational energy plan to economically reduce its fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. This paper provides an in-depth technical and economic analysis of supplementing the existing natural gas-fired combined cycle heat and power (CHP) plant with an Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) and a torrefied biomass boiler. Cornell University‟s buildings and facilities provide a representative model distributed energy system for mid-sized communities of about 30,000 people. Cornell‟s location in a relatively high grade EGS region for the Northeastern U.S. provides a further opportunity to evaluate the potential of using low enthalpy geothermal resources for district heating and other direct-use applications. As a first step, the conversion of a fraction of the Cornell‟s steam district heating network into a hot water distribution system was evaluated. Heat cascading solutions were implemented to enhance the utilization of renewable resources and reduce heat losses from the distribution system. Design of the district heating system and its operating parameters were optimized to obtain a minimum levelized costs of energy. An Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) waste heat recovery unit was considered to utilize the excess thermal energy available in the summer from the EGS reservoir for generating electricity. A torrefied biomass boiler was used to supplement the heat output of EGS reservoir to meet peak winter heat demand. Proposed solutions were evaluated in terms of levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), fossil fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions. INTRODUCTION For geothermal energy to have a large, long-term impact on the U.S. energy portfolio, deployment of low-grade hydrothermal and Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) will be required. So far, the primary use of geothermal energy in the U.S. has been electricity production using hydrothermal resources. Efficient generation of electricity requires high- temperature heat input, which favors areas with high geothermal gradients. However, even in low-gradient regions of the U.S., substantial opportunities exist for direct heat applications and cogeneration of electricity and heat. A recent study in our group (Fox et al., 2011) revealed that approximately a third (33.5 EJ) of the entire U.S. energy demand is in the temperature range from 0 to 260°C (32-500°F). Furthermore, almost 80% of these 33.5 EJ is heat at temperatures below 150°C (302°F). Currently, most of U.S. low-grade heat demand is met by burning fossil fuels, particularly natural gas and oil. This constitutes a large loss of potential to generate work, as chemical energy stored in fossil fuels can be converted to electricity by utilizing high combustion temperatures much more efficiently than the lower temperatures that characterize geothermal and solar energy. Geothermal energy can meet the low-temperature (<150°C) heat demand even in the regions with medium to low geothermal gradients (25-40°C/km). Utilizing low-grade renewable heat sources for direct-use applications reduces exergy (availability) losses, lowers pollution and depletion of non- renewable resources. Performance of geothermal direct-use systems can be further improved by using a technique known as cascading or heat integration. Meeting thermalPDF Image | PROPOSED HYBRID GEOTHERMAL - NATURAL GAS - BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEM
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