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prices near $50/barrel and average gas prices in the US near $2.00/gallon. As fossil fuel production peaks and inevitably begins to decline, and without other viable energy sources, prices will continue to escalate. Industry is affected directly and indirectly by the cost of energy. The direct effect is to increase the cost of processing raw materials and production. Fuel costs involved with transporting finished goods is the indirect effect. The natural response of industry to increasing cost is to slow production and/or reduce labor forces, thus slowing the entire economy. A number of adverse environmental phenomena such as the greenhouse effect, air pollution, acid rain, and oil spills are attributed to the use of fossil fuels. The burning of all fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The Energy Information Administration reports that carbon dioxide contributes over 84% to the total of greenhouse gases emitted (Mirabal, 2003). Global warming is widely debated as an ongoing occurrence, but if it were found to be so, carbon dioxide emissions would be the main cause. Another by-product of fossil fuel combustion in air is the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) that contribute to ozone depletion as well as smog formation. Complex fossil fuels, such as petroleum and coal may also contain sulfur, which form sulfides that can cause acid rain. These environmental factors and others mentioned contaminate water supplies, damage ecosystems, and are related to the occurrence of many respiratory illnesses in humans. In 1985, the US imported 27.3% of the oil it consumed. Over the past 18 years the U.S. dependence on foreign oil has steadily increased to 56.1% and is projected to be 69.6% of that consumed by 2025 (Energy Information Administration, 2003). With greater dependence on foreign oil, the U.S. will be reliant on a stable Middle East, Russia, and South America. International crises such as those recently in Iraq and Venezuela will have a more significant impact on oil prices as they do today. It is important that alternative energy sources are developed today to deal with the issues of tomorrow. Current research initiatives around the world are focused on hydrogen as the fuel of the future. emissions and ozone depletion. Hydrogen holds promise as the fuel to achieve these goals because it can be produced from water using renewable energy sources and it burns clean; with water and heat as the only combustion products (NOx emissions are possible when burned in air). One of the barriers to the widespread use of renewable resources is the geographical limitation. For example, hydropower can only be utilized in areas where damns can be built and solar power is dependent on incident sunlight, which varies from region to region. Renewable energy technologies can be utilized more efficiently and on a broader scale by constructing large capacity plants in regions with prominent sources of energy. The energy can subsequently be converted to chemical energy by producing hydrogen, enabling delivery to a larger market. Governments around the world realize the potential of hydrogen as an alternative fuel. Many countries have adopted research initiatives in the production, storage, and utilization of hydrogen. The U.S. Department of Energy has recently announced plans to advance toward a hydrogen- based energy system making fuel-cell-powered vehicles available by 2010. Industry is following suit as most major automobile manufactures have significant programs in place to develop fuel cell powered vehicles (Ramsay, 2003). Hydrogen is a safe and clean fuel that when produced using renewable energy is virtually pollution free. Hydrogen also provides a means to convert from a fixed source of energy to one compatible with the needs of transportation. With further development of production and storage technology, hydrogen can become the primary source of fuel for the transportation sector and can help usher in the renewable energy era. 3. NOMENCLA TURE CHWS chilled water source CHWR chilled water return CWS cooling water source CWR cooling water return CO2 carbon dioxide COP coefficient of performance H enthalpy [Btu/lbm] HHV higher heating value [Btu/lbm] HHWS heating hot water source HHWR heating hot water return L liquid LH2 liquid hydrogen LHV lower heating value [Btu/lbm] LN2 liquid nitrogen P pressure [psia] PV photovoltaic S entropy [Btu/lbm-R] SMR steam/methane reformation STP standard temperature and pressure With the development of a hydrogen economy based renewable resources, greenhouse gas emissions will reduced, the economy will be more independent of prices, and foreign policy will be less influenced by reserves. 2. HYDROGEN AS A FUTURE ENERGY CARRIER on be oil oil In 2001, 20.4% of global energy consumption supported transportation; of which 96% was supplied by crude oil (Energy Information Administration, 2003). By developing an alternative fuel for transportation, world oil consumption could be reduced by as much as 19.6%. Reducing oil consumption likewise reduces greenhousePDF Image | Optimization of a Scroll Expander Applied to an Ammonia/Water Combined Cycle System for Hydrogen Production - Paper No. 1645
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