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Geothermal enerGy With increasing fossil fuel prices, geothermal energy is an attractive alternative energy source for district heating and industrial heating. In recent years the use of geothermal energy through implementation of low temperature geothermal production systems for both electricity and heating has been growing rapidly. TNO is one of Europe’s largest independent research organisations and provides applied science and technical and techno-economic consultancy services for the industry and for governments. TNO can support in exploration and the development of innovative technologies to use the energy the Earth’s crust has to offer us. At present it is generally accepted that the global climate change is a result of increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases such as CO2. To reduce the CO2 emissions a lot of effort is put in the development of large scale application of sustainable energy. Governments and the industry start to become aware that an incredibly large sustainable energy source is available in the subsurface. Geothermal energy has many advantages as it is unobtrusive and emission free, available 24/7 and operational costs are low and stable. The use of the Earth’s heat is therefore increasingly considered in future renewable energy strategies. The use of geothermal energy resources is not restricted to volcanic regions only. Heat and electricity can also be produced in low enthalpy areas. The development of low temperature geothermal production systems introduces new challenges from both a geological and techno-economical point of view. Being involved in several national and international (EU) projects, TNO has gained more then 20 years experience in the development of low enthalpy geological systems. Due to its extensive knowledge TNO is frequently asked for advise and to perform exploration, techno-economic performance & risk assessment studies by the industry and governmental institutions. TNO is closely involved in research concerning Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). EGS is a promising development in converting heat into electricity. In low enthalpy regions sufficient temperatures are present at depths of more then 4000 m. To generate electricity the rocks at these depths have to be engineered to sufficiently extract the water. This asks for extensive knowledge in geomechanics, temperature and pressure modeling. In this new field of research TNO participates in the EU program Geisir and has joined the European Energy Research Alliance (EERA) to combine forces with other leading research institutes. For the development of geothermal energy systems TNO holds extensive knowledge on the complete geothermal energy chain. TNO has developed a variety of applications to simulate and test different scenarios and to deliver in-depth support on individual segments.PDF Image | Geothermal Energy
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