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962 H. Peng et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 960–970 Table 1 The properties of nanoparticle and liquid-phase refrigerant. The test section is fabricated by a copper block. Five calibrated K-type thermocouples with the precision of ± 0.1 °C at 95% confi- dence level are inserted into five 1.0 mm diameter holes in the top part of the copper block in order to obtain the temperature gra- dient of the test surface accurately, and then to determine the heat flux and the test surface temperature. The top surface of the copper block is horizontal, and is used as the test surface for pool boiling heat transfer experiments. This surface is circular with a diameter of 20.0 mm. The average roughness (Ra) of the test surface is mea- sured by a contact stylus instrument, and the value of Ra is 1.6 lm. The boiling apparatus mainly consists of a boiling chamber, an electrical heating wire and a charge device for refrigerant-based nanofluid with surfactant. The bottom of the boiling chamber is a copper plate with a circular hole at the center. The copper block is linked with the copper plate by a Teflon ring ensuring the test surface exposed in the pool liquid. The Teflon ring has very low thermal conductivity (about 0.23 W m1K1), and epoxy glue is filled between the copper block and Teflon ring for seal, resulting in negligible nucleation on the contact between copper block and Teflon ring in the experiments. The maximum relative deviation of the heat fluxes between the central point and the edge of the test surface is less than 8%, so the one-dimensional heat conduc- tion in the copper block can be extrapolated to the test surface. The electrical heating wire is used as an auxiliary heater to main- tain the nucleate boiling of the test fluid and to control the satura- tion pressure. The liquid temperature is measured by a calibrated K-type thermocouple with the precision of ±0.1 °C at 95% confi- dence level, and the pressure inside the boiling chamber is mea- sured by a pressure transducer with the precision of ±0.1 kPa. According to the measured liquid temperature and the pressure inside the boiling chamber, it can be confirmed that no subcooled boiling occurs for pure refrigerant. As the concentrations of surfac- tants and nanoparticles in the refrigerant-based nanofluid with Thermal conductivity (W m1 K1) Isobaric specific heat (J kg1 K1) Dynamic viscosity (Pa s) – 0.0005 Span-80 Density (kg m3) 8920 1508 Cu 398 385 R113 0.06363 940.4 Table 2 Physical and chemical properties of these surfactants. Surfactant name Chemical formula Ionic nature Form Molecular weight SDS C12H25SO4Na Anionic White powder 288.3 CTAB C19H42NBr Cationic White powder 364.5 C24H44O6 Nonionic Pale yellow oily liquid 428.6 eter showed that three types of surfactants have same effect on the dispersion stability of Cu-R113 nanofluids, and the prepared Cu- R113 nanofluids with surfactants can maintain good uniformity in the experiment. 3. Nucleate pool boiling experiments 3.1. Experimental setup Similar to that used by Peng et al. [24], the experimental setup used for testing the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer characteris- tics of refrigerant-based nanofluid with surfactant is composed of three parts (i.e., a test section, a boiling apparatus and a condensa- tion loop), as schematically shown in Fig. 2. Voltage ~ regulator Power meter Vacuum port Electrical heating wire Boiling chamber Teflon Liquid leakage port Copper block Charge T device P Condensing coil Valve Pump Cartridge heater Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of experimental setup. Thermocouples regulator Power meter Insulation material Cool water bath Voltage ~ Power supplyPDF Image | Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35
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