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2.1 Power generation at Waikite The gross power output of the proposed geothermal power plant is 272 kW. A capacity factor of 92% is used in the feasibility study. This gives the Waikite plant an annual production of 7897 GJ. After being used for power generation, the Waikite geothermal water is then cooled to 40°C and used for the nearby Waikite hot pools. 2.2 Energy component calculation 2.2.1 Power usage at site From the feasibility study, the single largest parasitic energy use is from the system working fluid pump, using 27 kW of the 272 kW produced. Some pump work is also required to pressurize the supply water and return the exiting water to the cooling baffles for the hot pools. The energy load of the fans in the condenser and ancillary pumps to move the hot water was estimated at 26 kW. The power usage at the site reduces the energy delivered, D and D’ to 219 kW. 2.2.2 Maintenance A maintenance budget was provided with the feasibility study. The budgeted “Total Energy Operating Cost” (Table 2), was found to be 5.80% of the “Total Energy Capital Budget” per year. Table 2) Expected annual operating costs for Waikite 272kW Binary power plant. Items in italics are not included in the energy cost conversion. frequently travels between these two destinations. This ship will perform the journey in 296 hours. A typical bunker oil usage for a ship such as this is about 0.00315 kg / km / tonne carried. By using an average energy value for oil of 41.87 GJ/tonne (APS, 2013), the total energy required for the transport was calculated. Approximately 17.3 GJ was needed to transport the materials via ship from Los Angeles to Tauranga. As the energy required for transportation was found to be relatively small, a more detailed analysis was not conducted. 2.2.4. Groundwork and station house As the expected site for the plant rests at the end of a car park, minimal groundwork is necessary for the plant. The Waikite plant study reserved a capital budget for ‘Building incl. foundations’ of $58,900 USD. By using the average energy intensity for the U.S. energy industry adjusted to 2009 dollars, a total energy cost of 763 GJ was estimated for groundwork. 2.2.5. Energy transfer system to user As the delivery system for the surface water to the hot pools is already in place, there is negligible expected energy cost for building a hot water transfer system from the plant. There are some expected costs associated with the transfer of electricity from the plant to the nearby 11kV power lines. This includes a transformer, wiring and switchgear with an expected budget of $31,000 USD for transformers and $15,500 USD for wiring and switchgear. By using the energy intensity conversion from part 1.2, this equates to an energy cost of 602 GJ. 2.2.6. Pumping, fans and pipework Like the transport, groundwork and energy transfer system, this cost is relatively minimal in the Waikite plant scenario. It was determined in the feasibility study that the water supply is not sufficient to satisfy the cooling load. Cooling towers would be necessary in order to recirculate the cooling water. A low-noise water-cooled cooling tower was used in the study requiring about 4 liters/s of make-up water from a borehole down the valley. The cost of pumps, pipework, working fluid storage and transfer is quoted as $29,760 USD. The additional cost of the cooling tower and fans was included with the turbine genset number in the bill, and so an estimation of this cost component must be made. At the cooling requirements expected, this cost of a similar unit is about $97,960 USD, but this is only an approximation (Cooling Tower Systems, 2013). Using the energy intensity conversion from part 1.2., this equates to a total energy cost of 1655 GJ. 2.2.7. Power generation equipment The price of the genset minus cooling tower, spare parts, controls and contingency costs was estimated to be $457,560 USD. Using the energy intensity conversion from part 1.2, the energy cost can be estimated as 5929 GJ. 2.2.8 Sum of embodied energy. The total embodied energy for the plant was calculated as 8966 GJ. With operation and maintenance, this gives an energy payback time (EROI = 1) of 1.5 years. 35th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop 2013 Proceedings 17 – 20 November 2013 Rotorua, New Zealand Operating Costs Balance of plant - parts, labour Ancillary systems servicing Routine Service, breakdown attendance and operational support Daily fixed charge - electrical connection Rates Site Rental NZD USD $24,000 $14880 $5,000 $3100 $35,610 $22078 $7,000 $4340 $3,000 $1860 $10,000 $6200 $64,610 $40,058 $84,610 $52,458 Total Energy Cost/Year Total Operating Cost / Year Operating As no other data was available on the maintenance of the plant, the cost-based estimate in Table (2) was used. The total energy operating cost ($) was converted to an energy value (GJ) by using the estimated energy intensity for the US energy industry as outlined in section 1.2. An adjusted value of 12.96 MJ/USD$ in 2009 (when the price was quoted), gives a maintenance energy cost estimate of 519 GJ/yr. 2.2.3 Transportation The power system in the feasibility study was a United Technologies (UTC) Turboden PureCycle 280 modular ORC unit. This unit is produced in the US with a shipping weight of 12,519 kg and an operating weight of 15,104 kg (UTC Pratt & Whitney, 2009). The energy required to ship the materials from Los Angeles to the port of Tauranga was considered. The sea route between these destinations is around 10461 km. The Hapag Lloyd ship ‘Coral Bay’ was chosen for the analysis as it 3PDF Image | DISTRIBUTED POWER GEN ORC FROM LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT
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