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that a CO2 circulation system would have far stronger buoyant drive, and would require less power to operate. deep production well for different downhole conditions. 0 100 200 300 400 200 ÞC 20 ÞC 200 300 400 Pressure (bar) 500 600 CO2 water 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 PWH = 80 bar TWH 0 -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000 -5000 10 ÞC 20 ÞC 30 ÞC 100 bar 10 20 30 40 50 Temperature (ÞC) TWH = 20 ÞC PW H 60 bar 80 bar 0 100 500 600 Figure 5. Temperature-pressure conditions for isenthalpic flow of CO2 in a 5000 m deep Figure 4. Static pressure profiles in CO2 and water wells for constant temperatures of 20 and 200 ̊C, respectively. injection well, for different wellhead temperatures and pressures. A more conditions in flowing injection and production wells can be obtained by approximating fluid flow in the wellbore as isenthalpic. This approximation is often referred to as "adiabatic;" it ignores heat transfer between the wellbore fluid and the surroundings, which is appropriate for longer-term flow behavior. The isenthalpic flow approximation accounts for temperature changes that arise from (de-)compression of fluids, the so-called Joule-Thomson effect (Katz and Lee, 1990). We have calculated pressure and temperature conditions in a static, isenthalpic column of CO2, using a similar recursion as for the constant- temperature wells considered above, except that now we account for temperature variation with depth as well, based on constant specific enthalpy. For an injection well, we perform a "top down" calculation starting from wellhead conditions of (T0, P0), corresponding to a specific enthalpy of h0 = h(T0, P0). At depth level n we have conditions of (Tn, Pn), from which we obtain ρn = ρ(Tn, Pn) and Pn+1 = Pn + ρng∆z, just as before. The temperature at level n+1 is obtained as Tn+1 = T(Pn+1, h0); the required inversion of the h = h(T, P) relationship is accomplished by Newtonian iteration, using Tn as a starting guess. Fig. 5 shows (T, P)-profiles in a 5000 m deep injection well for several different wellhead temperatures and pressures. Fig. 6 shows (T, P)-profiles in a 5000 m PWB = 500 bar TWB 200 ÞC 220 ÞC 240 ÞC realistic outlook on longer-term P ,T - 300 400 500 TWB = 200 ÞC PWB 450 bar 500 bar 550 bar 180 200 Temperature (ÞC) Figure 6. Temperature-pressure conditions for isenthalpic flow of CO2 in a 5000 m deep production well, for different downhole temperatures and pressures. Fig. 5 indicates that temperatures will tend to increase as CO2 is flowing down the injection well and attaining increasing pressures. The difference between downhole and wellhead temperatures is larger for smaller wellhead pressures, and increases strongly when wellhead temperatures are increased. For the lower wellhead temperature cases shown in Fig. 5, temperature changes versus depth are non- monotonic, with significant temperature decline at greater depth, especially when wellhead temperature is low and/or wellhead pressure is large. 220 240 Depth (m)PDF Image | Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford Univ
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