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phases, a liquid and a gaseous state, as well as two- phase mixtures of these states (Fig. 1). Supercritical CO2 forms a phase that is distinct from the aqueous phase and can change continuously into either gaseous or liquid CO2 with no phase boundaries. variations are such that (ρ/μ) attains maximum values in a region that is emanating from the CO2 saturation line, becoming smaller for liquid-like CO2 (low T, high P) and for gas-like CO2 (high T, low P). For (T, P)- conditions relevant for fluid injection, T ≤ 50 ̊C, (ρ/μ) for CO2 is larger than for water by factors of 4- 10. For temperatures near 200 ̊C, (ρ/μ) for CO2 is larger than for water by approximately a factor 2 at high pressures, while at pressures below 150 bar, water has the larger (ρ/μ). Figure 2. Ratio of fluid density to viscosity in units of 106 sm-2 for CO2 (top) and water (bottom). Fig. 3 compares the specific enthalpies for CO2 and water. In both cases the reference state (zero enthalpy) was chosen as (T, P) = (20 ̊C, 100 bar). At high pressures near 500 bar, the increase of specific enthalpy with temperature for CO2 is less than half of the increase for water, indicating that more than twice the CO2 mass flow rate would be needed to achieve the same rate of sensible heat transport. Specific enthalpy of liquid water depends primarily on temperature, with only a weak pressure dependence. Pressure Pcrit = 73.82 bar subcooled liquid saturation line Tcrit = 31.04 ÞC supercritical fluid Figure 1. Phase states of CO2. Fluid mass flow rates for a given driving force are proportional to the ratio of density to viscosity, m = ρ/μ (Fig. 2). The sensible heat carried by mass flow is proportional to the specific enthalpy of the fluid (Fig. 3). Additional parameters that are important for mass flow and heat transfer behavior include compressibility c = (1/ρ)(∂ρ/∂P) and thermal expansivity ε = -(1/ρ)(∂ρ/∂T). CO2 properties in Figs. 2 and 3 were calculated from the correlations of Altunin (Altunin, 1975; Pruess and García, 2002). We began using Altunin's correlations in 1999 when a computer program implementing them was kindly made available to us by Victor Malkovsky of the Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry (IGEM) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Altunin's correlations were subsequently extensively cross-checked against experimental data and alternative PVT formulations, such as Span and Wagner (1996), and were found to be very accurate (García, 2003). Water properties were obtained from the steam table equations as given by the International Formulation Committee (IFC, 1967). The ratio of density to viscosity is generally larger for CO2 than for water, and dependence on temperature and pressure conditions is very different for the two fluids (Fig. 2). For water this ratio is mostly a function of temperature, with only weak dependence on pressure, reflecting the primary dependence of both water density and viscosity on temperature. For CO2, density and viscosity have significant dependence on both temperature and pressure. The superheated gas T emperaturePDF Image | Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford Univ
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