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Introduction: The Simple Rankine Cycle The Rankine cycle is synonymous with the steam cycle and is the oldest functional heat cycle utilized by man. A basic diagram of the cycle is illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 2 represents the Temperature - Entropy (T-S) diagram for the simplest version of the Rankine cycle which corresponds to systems with working pressures up to 400 psia [1]. The cycle as it is depicted in Figure 2 is rarely used today. More commonly, the simple Rankine cycle is modified such that the steam is superheated prior to entering the turbine. This is indicated by line 3-4 in the T-S diagram shown in Figure 3. When properly designed, this modification increases W (the work capacity of the system) without significant increase to Qr (the unavailable heat of the system). Typically, point 4 represents temperatures up to approximately 900 oF (755 K). Theoretically, it should be possible to superheat the steam to the same temperature as the heat source; which in a boiler, is on the order of 3500 oF (2200 K). However, the temperature that corresponds to point 4 is physically limited to a differential temperature of about 1000 oF (811 K), the metallurgical limit [2]. In other words, so long as the heat transfer across the materials in the boiler and the turbines maintains a temperature differential less than the operational limits of the material, it should not experience catastrophic failure. Additionally, superheating allows the steam to still remain approximately 90% (or greater) dry as it exhausts from the turbine. This feature of the superheated cycle simplifies the turbine design and extends turbine life due to reduced wear from water impingement on the blades. Heat Source Qa 2 Boiler 2 Superheater 343 54 Figure 1. Simple Rankine/Steam Cycle Black numbers correspond to Figure 2; Grey numbers correspond to Figure 3. 11 56 Engine (Turbine) Pump Condenser Qr Heat Sink T 4 23 W =Q - Q ar 1 65 Qr 0S Figure 3. T-S Diagram, Simple Rankine Cycle with Superheat. T 23 W = Q a- Q r 1 54 Qr 0S Figure 2. T-S Diagram, Simple Rankine Cycle. -1-PDF Image | Storage, Transformation and Upgrading of Thermal Energy
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