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202 Figure B35 Heat demand by sector in European Union Member States Agriculture 4% Service 14% Industry 40% Source: EcoheatCool, 2006. Solar thermal Residential 42% Package. However, in March 2007 the European Commission agreed on 20% binding targets of the EU’s overall energy consumption to be supplied by renewable energy by 2020 as part of the Renewables Roadmap. Although no specific targets were set for electricity and heat, a binding minimum target of 10% was established for transport fuels to be supplied with biofuels. The Roadmap states that in order to meet the 2020 target, the contribution of renewable heating and cooling could more than double, compared with the current share of 9%. Most of this could come from biomass and will involve more efficient household systems and highly efficient biomass-fired CHP with smaller contributions from solar thermal and geothermal. Differentiated national targets are to be derived for individual Member States (EC, 2007a). Evaluation The total estimated heat demand in the EU was 16 517 PJ in 2003 and is growing at an average rate of 1.9% annually (Ecoheatcool, 2006). About 40% of the heat demand originates from industry, 42% from the residential sector, 14% in the service sector, and 4% in agriculture (Figure B35). The gross renewable heat generation has increased since 1995. Although Europe accounts for 10% of the worldwide market and growth is occurring (Figure B36), solar thermal heat accounted for only 0.2% of the heat market in 2006 (EC, 2007). In addition to domestic SHW deployment, there are 87 large scale solar thermal collectors in Europe with a total installed capacity of 120 MW. The largest plants are in Denmark (13 MW) and Sweden (7 MW). By 2005, 16 Mm2, or 11.2 GW of solar hot water capacity had been installed, with most development in Cyprus, Malta, Greece, and Austria (Figure B37). Although several directives may have provided indirect support for solar thermal, the EU White Paper was the only one to set technology specific targets. Despite increases in solar thermal markets across the EU, especially in Germany, Austria, and Greece, the target of 100 Mm2 of solar thermal surface area by 2010, as established in the White Paper of 1997, is unlikely to be met. The surface area installed has increased from 6.5 Mm2 in 1995 to 9.6 Mm2 in 2000 and to 14 Mm2 by 2005 (ESTIF, 2006c). Therefore, to reach 2010 targets would necessitate 17.2 Mm2 of solar thermal panels being installed across the EU annually beginning in 2006.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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