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Annex B13. European Union Instruments Developments by the European Union (EU) in support of renewable energy were initiated in 1997 with the Commission White Paper ‘Energy for the Future: Renewable Sources of Energy – White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan’. This paper formulates indicative targets for 12% of total energy consumption to be supplied by renewables in Member States by 2012 based on their own potential. Following the establishment of unique national objectives, strategies are developed in order to achieve them. White Paper targets were set implicitly recognizing that 5% must be renewable heat. Technology specific targets were set in Annex II of the White Paper as: solar thermal, 100 M m2 by 2010; biomass, 5 652 PJ by 2010; direct geothermal heat 9 TJ and geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) 9 TJ also by 2010. The White Paper also contains a strategy and action plan towards these goals. Although technology specific targets were outlined in the White Paper, they were never included in the EU legislation. It has been estimated that the renewable contribution to the total primary energy supply is unlikely to be met. Based on current trends the EU will not exceed 10% by 2010 (EC, 2007a). The Buildings Directive (2002/91/EC) targets energy performance in buildings through minimum efficiency standards for new buildings and a new system of certification. Member states are advised to examine the feasibility of alternative energy systems including CHP, district heating, and heat pumps. The EU CHP Directive (2004-8 EC) for the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market provides a range of measures to promote CHP, aiming in the short term to support existing installations by creating a level playing field in the market. It creates a framework for a scheme of guarantees of origin of CHP electricity. In addition, it requires that Member States ensure transparent, non-discriminatory access to the electric grid. Guidelines for the implementation of this Directive are established, and Member States must report regularly on their actions and progress in supporting CHP. In January 2005 the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) was established as the first multi-national emissions trading scheme in the world. CO2 emissions from energy-intensive companies are limited, or capped and companies which emit less than their allocated amount of allowances may sell credits to companies which exceed their limits. Companies are thereby offered an incentive to invest in projects which limit their CO2 emissions. The EU ETS therefore acts indirectly to support renewable heating markets, especially biomass heat. The EU Biomass Action Plan (COM(2005) 628 Final), adopted in December 2005, proposes actions to increase bioenergy deployment in heat, electricity, and transport. Designed to increase the contribution of energy from forestry, agriculture, and waste materials in EU Member States, the plan set targets to double biomass heat production by 2010 to 3 140 PJ. When the plan was adopted in 2005, the EU supplied 4% of its energy needs from biomass. The European Parliament adopted a resolution99 in February 2006 asking the European Commission (EC) to table a Directive Proposal to promote renewable heating and cooling. The EC responded by initiating an impact assessment of different options for a renewable heating and cooling directive. A specific proposal for heating and cooling was not included in the 2007 Energy Climate Change 99. European Parliament Resolution P6_TA (2006)0058 with recommendations to the EC on heating and cooling from renewable sources of energy 201PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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