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Barriers to the development of solar thermal in the UK include a lack of cost competitiveness with conventional technologies, informational barriers, and a shortage of skilled installers. Biomass In 2003, biomass provided 1% of total heat supply (DTI, 2006b), mostly used for residential space heating. Industries producing surplus wood have historically utilized this excess for space and process heat. However, with the tightening of environmental legislation and emission controls in the late 1990s, it became more cost competitive for industries to switch to fossil fuel heating systems than to upgrade wood heat combustion systems, thereby causing a decrease in biomass heat generation (Figure B31) (Future Energy Solutions, 2005). As a result of fuel substitution by industry, present biomass heat demand is only half what it was 10 years ago. Most of the political incentives for renewable heat have been in support of biomass, several initiated by 2000. In addition to the 2000 Energy Crops Scheme offering grants for biomass supply, the 2001 Community Energy Programme, the 2002 Bio-Energy Capital Grants Scheme, the 2003 Clear Skies Initiative, the 2005 Bio-Energy Infrastructure Scheme, the 2006 Low Carbon Buildings Programme, and the grant scheme included in the 2006 Climate Change Programme Review, all offer financial incentives for the upfront capital costs of bioenergy equipment and installations. The Bio-Energy Infrastructure Scheme also offers funding for training costs. Information programmes were included in the Community Renewables Initiative (2002) and the Clear Skies Initiative (2003). The 2000 Energy Crops Scheme had provided grants for 668 ha of Miscanthus and 660 ha of short rotation coppice until 2005. The 2002 Bio-Energy Capital Grants Scheme had allocated €6.3 M for biomass boilers by 2005 with funding for the construction of 22 MW of biomass fuelled heating installations earmarked in 200695 and 73 MW of biomass-fired power stations in 200796 (DTI, 2006b). The 2003 Clear Skies Initiative provided around €80 000 for domestic wood-fuelled heating projects by 2005 and €2 M for community 198 biomass projects97. The Community Renewables Initiative provided information in support of the construction of 89 bio-energy projects by way of over 3 000 phone calls and emails by 2005 (Biomass Task Force, 2005). Despite overall growth of biomass heating capacity, the number of annual installations has fluctuated unpredictably (Fig B33). During the 1990s when no federal incentives existed, annual installations were static. With the initiation of several supportive instruments in the late 1990s and early 21st century, annual installations began to increase. The 2002 Renewables Obligation implemented for renewable electricity likely also influenced the growth of biomass in CHP (Future Energy Solutions, 2005). The lack of a well established supply chain remains a barrier for biomass heat as it is necessary to assure a reliable quality and supply within a reasonable transport distance. Biomass supply must be “processed economically to the right specification for the boiler application concerned” (Future Energy Solutions, 2005). Support for the biomass supply chain is therefore an important component for furthering biomass heat production. 95. Total funded-installations in 2006 included 100 biomass boilers with a total capacity of 12 MW and a biomass CHP system with 2.7 MWe and 10 MWth capacity. 96. Power stations are planned at Lockerbie (43 MW) and Wilton (30 MW). 97. Clear Skies funding went to 59 domestic projects (25 wood-fuel boilers and 34 wood-fuel stoves) and 61 community biomass projects.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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