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192 Solar thermal Historically the market for solar thermal systems in Sweden has not been strong although growth has been evident in recent years. Between 2001 and 2005 the installed capacity of solar thermal increased from 135 MW (192 157 m2)90 to 145.8 MW (220 000 m2) (Figure B28) (ESTIF, 2006c). Investment grants for solar thermal introduced in 2000 were an important support mechanism. Following the implementation of this financial incentive scheme, the declining trend in the solar thermal heating market was reversed. Biomass The forest industry is a major economic sector in Sweden which may have had a significant role in the success of the political support for biomass. Utilization of forest by-products for heat was supported by this strong industrial lobby. The use of biomass for heat has increased significantly since 1990 (Fig. B27), primarily coming from wood fuels including short rotation Salix, black liquors in pulp mills, peat, MSW, straw, and energy grasses (IEA, 2004). Most of this heat production is from solid biomass utilized in CHP plants that increased from more than 50% of total fuel by energy in 2004 to more than 62% in 2006. The gross biomass heat production was 92.1 PJ in 2004, 32.7 PJ of which was generated in dedicated biomass plants and 60.3 PJ in CHP plants. Biomass utilization in CHP declined slightly from 60.3 PJ in 2004 to 59.0 PJ in 2005 (EurObserv’ER, 2005). Support for biomass heating from the Swedish government has been largely indirect through the exemption from the high energy and CO2 taxes employed making it the least cost option for heat production in many instances. Subsidies offered for biomass based CHP since 1999 have successfully led to a majority of heat production originating from biomass. Geothermal Sweden has more installed GHP capacity than any other EU nation (EC, 2006b), gaining in popularity since the 1980s. Most heat pump sales in the 1980s and early 1990s were ambient resource (air) heat pumps. In 1994 however, the total 47 MW installed capacity for ground-source GHPs began to grow substantially (Figure B29) to reach 377 MW in 2000 and 3 840 MW by 2005, and accounting for approximately 36 PJ/yr (Lund et al., 2005). However in 2005 the market stagnated from an annual increase of 47% to only 1%. Overall GHPs have become an important export product. About 30% of all single-family houses in Sweden use a GHP (Hellström, 2006). Residential geothermal heating applications are the most common with an average size of 12 kW, but several large-scale installations for district heating networks have also been constructed with an average size of 900 kW (Lund et al., 2005). Government subsidies and interest-free state loans provided for geothermal heating installations from 1981 to 1985 contributed to an increase in heat pump sales (EGEC, 2007). The growth of the heat pump market, however, truly began in the early 1990s as a result of the government procurement scheme and competition that promoted the technology (Olerup, 2001). Conclusions Strong support measures for renewable heating in Sweden have brought the country into an exemplary position. Exemption of biomass from the high energy taxes resulted in bioenergy deployment, direct investment grants for solar thermal have stimulated the market, and GHPs have been extensively deployed to meet domestic heat demands. 90. 156 522 m2 were flat plate collectors; 1 704 m2 evacuated tubes and 33 931 m2 unglazed (WEC, 2004).PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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