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188 Spain has exported biomass to the UK for use in co-firing boilers, has evaluated ways to increase the domestic use of biomass for power generation, and is encouraging power generators to explore co- firing (IEA, 2005). Political support for biomass heat was begun in 1991 with the introduction of PAEE and its targets for 20.9 PJ of renewable heat. Further support was offered within the PFER and PER programmes, specifically the Aid Programme for Biomass initiated in 2005. With the additional €283 M in subsidies for biomass installations, it is expected that biomass use for heat will increase further in the coming years. Geothermal In 2000 there was no reported low-temperature geothermal heating capacity in Spain. By 2005, 22 MW of low temperature, shallow geothermal capacity had been installed for uses including greenhouse heating (69%), space heating (22%), and swimming and bathing (12%) to give a total heat demand of about 347 TJ/yr. There has been no development of geothermal heat pumps reported in Spain (Lund et al., 2005). Political interest in the development of geothermal heating projects has been limited. Most of the financial incentive schemes do not include geothermal energy (IEA, 2005) and the PAEE initiated the development of only two geothermal heat plants (EGEC, 2006). The small geothermal heat market in Spain reflects apparent disinterest or lack of resource. Conclusions While Spain has made a strong effort to develop renewable energy production in recent years, most of the political focus has been on renewable electricity. Much of the growth in renewable heating has been at levels insufficient to reach national targets. The 2000-2010 Spanish PFER has been only partially successful in achieving its targets. Although the consumption of renewable energy in Spain had increased by 113.0 PJ between the 2000 programme initiation and 2005, the increases have not been sufficient to meet the ambitious targets of the plan. For example, by the end of 2003, only 42% of the overall objectives of renewable energy installations for the first period of the plan (1999-2006) had been achieved. In addition, the benefits and growth of individual RETs has been disproportionate. Only 18.3% of 2006 targets for solar thermal installations were achieved by the end of 2003 and by 2004 only 18% of the 2010 objective for biomass (6.6 PJ) (IEA, 2005; IDAE, 2006b). Solar thermal installations remained below target in 2005, installing only 700 000 m2 of the 2010 targeted 4.8 M m2 (SHC, 2006). The energy consumption and energy intensity in Spain have been increasing more quickly than the government had anticipated when it established its 12% targets for renewable energy under PFER and PER. This increase in energy demand has further complicated the ability of the policies to reach their intended targets (IDAE, 2006b). Incentive schemes of the regional governments such as those in Andalusia, Barcelona, Catalonia, and the Canary Islands have been responsible for most of the growth of the solar thermal industry (SHC, 2006). The success of regional programs initiated in support of solar thermal technologies and based on stick, regulatory schemes, has led to the implementation of a similar federal program. Spain is a pioneering nation in making the implementation of solar thermal technologies obligatory in new and refurbished buildings. Because the Technical Building Code obligation at the national level has only recently been implemented and is applicable only to new and renovated buildings, the impact on the solar thermal market is most likely to be felt only in the coming years. However, this policy is a milestone in the political support for renewable heating.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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