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180 Solar thermal Deployment of solar thermal began in the mid 1970s especially for larger installations, then declined in the 1980s (WEC, 2004). Following the implementation in the 1990s of the Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems Agreement and its precursor, solar thermal installations increased steadily at a rate of 30 000- 35 000 m2/yr until 2003. Despite this increase, the targets were not met. In the early 1990s the market increased again with the establishment of a voluntary agreement between the solar energy industry and energy utilities. In 1995 further support was offered through the regulation for Energy Performance of New Buildings for which solar thermal technologies offered an opportunity for buildings to reach given performance standards. The extension of these performance requirements in 2006 is expected to encourage further market development. By 2001 nearly 15% of all new residential dwellings used solar hot water with a total of 269 112 m2 of installed surface area79 (SHC, 2006). Residential installations account for 66%, large collective systems 14%, and swimming pools 20% (WEC, 2004). The 2001 EPR subsidy scheme further boosted investments in solar thermal systems, although subsidies were removed in 2002 (IEA, 2004). Following the decrease in available funding, the number of solar thermal installations declined 40% between the years 2003 and 2004 with an annual installation of only 40.8 MW (58 304 m2) bringing the total to 353 MW, (EurObserv’ER, 2006). In 2004 all financial support for solar thermal was ceased (ESTIF, 2006a) and as a result, market growth fell in 2005 with only 27.6 MW (39 500 m2) of new installations bringing the total to 375 MW (EurObserv’ER, 2005). The Energy Performance Standards, acting alone were not sufficient to support solar thermal market development at the rates that had been witnessed in prior years. Geothermal Prior to 1995 there was no shallow or deep geothermal capacity reported in the Netherlands. By 2000, 10.8 MW of GHP capacity had been installed, increasing to 253.5 MW by 2004 (Lund et al., 2005). Support was received through the 1995 Energy Performance of New Buildings scheme. Heat pumps were an important alternative to assist buildings in reaching the required energy efficiency performance standard. Subsidies and information schemes were also offered in 2001. Additionally, demonstration projects have been employed to encourage the development of deep geothermal energy projects80. Conclusions Support for renewable heat in the Netherlands was initiated in the 1990s with schemes for solar thermal. The largest contribution of renewable heat comes from biomass with significant growth in the amount of biomass utilized in CHP . While direct subsidy schemes have contributed to this growth, feed-in tariffs for biomass electricity generation in CHP also offered an attractive incentive (EC, 2006b). Currently there is very little support for renewable heat although some support remains for renewable heating installations through the EIA. The main instrument is the energy performance requirement for new buildings which is incorporated in the implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. 79. 201 877 m2 were flat plate collectors, 2 000 m2 evacuated tubes and 65 235 m2 unglazed. 80. No data is available on the total installation of deep geothermal capacity in the Netherlands.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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