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for renewables including solar PV, solar thermal, wind, waste power and thermal and biomass power and thermal. Specific targets for heating technologies were established as follows: solar thermal, 36PJ (from 30PJ in 2002); MSW 64PJ (from 65.6 PJ in 2002), and bioenergy heat of 123 PJ (IEA, 2004). Evaluation Japan generated approximately 256 PJ of heat in 2004, only 5% of which was consumed in the residential sector. The remaining 95% was consumed in the commercial, public and industry sectors (IEA, 2007a). Solar thermal Production and deployment of solar hot water systems began more than 50 years ago in Japan, ensuing three decades of solar thermal market development. However, in the late 1990 ́s growth in the solar thermal market began to stagnate, in part due to the government’s termination of low-interest loans (WEC, 2004). Because of the strength of the yen and the comparatively low world petroleum prices in the 1990s, solar thermal heating was not as economic as gas or oil water heaters (Tomita, 2007). Moreover, 0.67 million m2 of solar thermal surface area installed prior to 1990 were retired, accounting for a decline in the total surface area and the total heat produced (Figure B18) (REN21, 2006). At the end of 2001 around 7.360 M m2 of glazed solar thermal collectors had been installed75 (WEC, 2004). The Japan Solar System Development Association recorded an installed total of 7.6 M m2 in 2004 76 with 0.2 M m2 added in 2005. However due to retirement, the total decreased to 7.2 M m2 or 5.0 GW capacity. Although the 1997 New Energy Policy offered support in the form of subsidies, tax incentives and informational campaigns, it has been unsuccessful in countering the strong influence of cost competitiveness with conventional heating technologies. Most of the incentives for solar energy in Japan have been directed towards PV technologies and only in 2006 did the government began to target renewable heat directly. Future deployment of renewable heat may therefore be able to reverse the downward trend. Figure B18 Solar thermal heat production in Japan from 1990 till 2005 Heat generated (TJ) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Source: METI and IEEJ energy balance tables for Japan, 2006. 75. 7.219 M m2 were flat plate collectors, and 0.141 M m2 evacuated tube collectors. 76. This reflects an incremental increase of 0.3 M m2 in 2004. 175PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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