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programme, Il sole negli Enti Pubblici with a total budget of €10 M used to increase available subsidies to 50% of installation costs (Corrado, 2007). Carrot. Also in 2002, the Italian government began to provide regional subsidies to both the public and private sector to support solar thermal under the Governmental Decree of July 24 2002 entitled Bandi Regionali per Enti Pubblici e Privati. This programme, worth €15.5 M was financed in part from federal and regional governments. On average, contributions to the total costs of a solar thermal installation are in the order of 30%. Regions are free to choose whether the subsidy will be provided in terms of installation costs or energy generated. This program targeted a total investment of €54 M to support an equivalent of 75 000 m2 of solar collector area (Calderoni, 2007). As of May, 2007 roughly 50% of the funding had been allocated with that remaining transferred to support a new programme of €10 M for up to 50% of costs for solar thermal installations in public buildings. 75% of costs are eligible for funding for installations by Italian energy service companies. Carrot. The Italian government gave a VAT reduction from the usual 20% to 10% for solar thermal systems. Until 2005, 36% of total installation costs could also be deducted from taxes for a period of 10 years. This was increased to 55% over a 3 year period in January of 2007. Carrot. In January 2006 the Italian Governmental Decree of November 3 established capital contributions up to a total of €30 M for biomass or natural gas based high efficiency, CHP plants. The specific capital amount allocated depends on the type of energy source used with 30% of capital costs (up to a maximum of €300 000) available for units fed by biomass or by hybrid natural gas and biomass units (European Biomass Association, 2006). Stick. Law number 192/05 made it mandatory for new or refurbished public buildings to supply 50% of their domestic hot water needs with solar thermal. New private building owners were required to design the conventional heating system such that solar thermal systems could be easily integrated in the future (Corrado, 2007). This law was revised with Law 311/06 which strengthened the obligation and extended it to include mandatory installations on private buildings. With this revision, renewable heat no longer had to be supplied strictly by solar thermal, but rather from a choice of renewable technologies. Stick. On January 1 2005 the Italian government established a White Certificate Scheme primarily for energy savings and energy efficiency targets. Large gas and electricity supply companies with more than 100 000 customers must meet mandatory targets for energy savings in end-users under this scheme. Unlike other white certificate schemes in France or the U.K., Italy placed its obligation on distribution companies rather than on electricity and gas retail suppliers. Targets were set for a total savings of 120 PJ by 200970, or 230 PJ in total between 2005 and 2009. Certificates are issued to obliged parties who have paid for energy efficiency measures. A minimum price for white certificates (or a guaranteed cost of recovery) was fixed at €0.017/kWh energy saved. In addition, a penalty has been imposed in the case of non-compliance. Solar thermal applications have been specifically included in the Italian White Certificate scheme and energy savings that result from solar thermal technologies are explicitly outlined. GHPs and biomass systems are also eligible energy efficiency measures. District heating and CHP have also been given specific qualifications under this scheme. A calculation sheet has been made available from the Italian Authority for Gas and Electricity (AEEG) to assess the gross specific savings in toe /m2 of solar thermal collectors installed (ESTIF, 2006a). This instrument is relatively novel for promoting REHC. Guidance. The National Commission for Solar Energy (CNES) was established by the Minister of Environment in August 2006 with the aim of defining the mid- and long-term strategies for the diffusion of solar technologies (Corrado, 2007). 70. Annual mandatory targets of the White Certificate Scheme are monitored by the AEEG. 169PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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