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Carrot and Guidance. The National Programme for Solar Thermal Energy, administered by the National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and the Environment (ENEA), was established on December 22 2000 as part of the Decree of the Ministry of the Environment number 99. This programme establishes norms, functions of actors, and funds for installing solar thermal systems on buildings. By creating a qualified network of designers and installers, the programme aimed for 1.5 M m2 solar thermal surface area by 2005 and 3 M m2 by 2010. The 2005 target was not met with a total installed capacity of only 550 000 m2, suggesting that 2010 targets may be difficult to achieve (Calderoni, 2007). Funds for the Thermal Solar Energy Programme originate from the national incomes of Carbon Tax and regional budgets (Altener Programme, 2001). In conjunction with the National Programme for Thermal Solar Energy, the Ministry of the Environment established the Communi Solarizzato Programme, a tax and financial incentive system for solar thermal installations especially within the central and southern regions of Italy. The aim was to support the installation of solar thermal plants on public buildings and the creation of new, small companies in the environmental sector (Calderoni, 2007). The subsidies and tax incentives offered are available to investors simultaneously so that they may take advantage of both. 41% of investment costs are eligible for deduction from income tax69 and in addition, €9 M was allocated in the form of subsidies available for up to 50% of the investment cost of a system. Although a total installation of 72 000 m2 collector area was projected for support, relatively low interest by Italian public administrations has led to a total installation of only 12 000 m2 (Calderoni, 2007). The programme has been criticized for allocating sums which are too low, thus restricting the number of possible installations which could have received funding (EubObserv’ER, 2006). Carrot. In 2000 the Italian Financial Law (Article 29, Finance Law 2001) created a Tax Credit for Geothermal Energy and Biomass of €20.65 /MWh available to users connected to a geothermal or 168 biomass fuelled district-heating grid (IEA, 2004). Quantitative targets were established by the Italian government in the Decrees of Ministry of Industry 24 April 2001 and Ministry of Production Activities 20 July 2004. Initially the 2001 Decree was established to support REHC technologies from 2002-2006. Due to a delay in the application of these decrees, they were replaced by the 2004 Decrees of the Ministry of Production Activities which postponed targets through the period 2005-2009 (IEA, 2006e). Carrot. In 2002 the Italian Ministry of Environment (MATT) initiated a subsidy programme BNELADG (Bando nazionale per Enti Locali e Aziende Distributrici Gas) targeted towards local authorities and municipally owned gas-distribution companies. It provided 30% of design, component, and installation costs of low-temperature solar thermal units for domestic hot water, swimming pool heating and space heating and cooling. In addition, 100% of the costs for monitoring systems were provided, to a maximum of 10% of total project cost. Approximately €6 M was made available, €4 M for public authorities and €2 M for natural gas utilities (ESTIF, 2006a; Calderoni, 2007). Minimum requirements were established: the total surface area of a qualifying installation must be above 20 m2, although several smaller installations of a minimum 6 m2 can also added in order to qualify; and the owner must assure that the plant will remain in operation for at least 10 years. Targets were established for a total solar thermal installation of 21 MW, or roughly 30 000 m2. €1.5 M of the available €6 M has been assigned to solar thermal projects leading to a total investment of €3.3 M for 3.5 MW total solar thermal installations, far below target. No awareness campaigns were created upon inception of the programme, possibly accounting for the low response and interest (ESTIF, 2006a). Hence the remaining finances were refunded on June 2nd, 2007 and allocated to a new 69. Tax deductions are spread over a period of five years.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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