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Annex B. Country Profiles This compilation of 12 country studies presents national strategies to promote renewable heating and, where available, cooling. Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom and the European Union were selected due to them having in place a range of REHC policies of relevance to the study. The accuracy of renewable energy data varies depending on the statistical resources available from each country. Most policy data was collected directly from government documents or web sites. IEA data was also a primary source of information with additional input received from country representatives. Even so heating and cooling data is sparse. The IEA Solar Heating and Cooling, Bioenergy, and Geothermal Implementing Agreements were consulted to ensure greater accuracy, complete coverage, and relevance of the various technologies. Despite these measures, data as reported can not be taken as definitive and precise assessments, but rather as indicative measures of the magnitude of budgets, costs and renewable energy resources involved. The aim of this Annex is to outline the political experiences of the various nations in the promotion and deployment of REHC based on a review of the type and structure of implemented policies as well as assessing the renewable heat and cold that was generated as a result. The information was used to bring forward critical experiences, lessons learned, effectiveness indicators, and good policy practice examples as were presented in Section 4 of the main report. Policies which indirectly promote renewable heat production (such as those supporting renewables in CHP) are included. Policies specifically targeting renewable electricity production are not, except where remarkable promotion of renewable heating technologies has also been exhibited. Electricial heating and air-conditioning systems were not taken into consideration, but offer an opportunity for further study. The major focus of the report is on political tools for the promotion and increased deployment of market-ready renewable energy technologies (RETs), thereby excluding RD&D policies. For each country listed below, policies are classified as “Carrot” incentives, “Stick” regulations and “Guidance” education, promotion and training. A graphical historic timeline showing policy development since 1990 is provided at the top of the section for each country study. It gives an overview of national strategies and enables a broad comparison between countries to be quickly made. A horizontal line for each policy represents the year of it being implemented and finishing (where appropriate). The squares along this timeline indicate the time of a significant amendment to, or development of, the policy that is described in the associated text. Each policy listed is then described in more detail in the text below the figure. For ease of comparison all costs have been converted from the local currency to Euros using the exchange rate as given in each case. The conversion factors used were based on the average exchange rates in 2006. Energy units can be confusing as several options are used synonymously in the literature and by governments. In this study the Joule was taken as the standard international energy unit for all energy sources and all data taken from the literature was converted using 1 Nm/s = 1J; 1kWh = 3.6 MJ; 1TWh = 3.6 PJ; 1ktoe = 42 TJ; 1Mtoe= 42 PJ etc. 135PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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