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The resulting cost of energy ranges from €11 to 307 /GJ (average €66 /GJ, Table A3) meaning that, despite a much higher level of investment cost (due to the larger collector surface and the cooling installation), the resulting cost of energy (for both heating and cooling operation) is similar to the cost of solar water heating only. Most dominant factor in the resulting solar energy costs is the capital investment. Based on the expected future cost reductions (for both collector and cooling equipment), the average costs for solar thermal heating could reduce from €66 /GJ in 2005 to €37 /GJ by 2030 (range €5 - 174 /GJ). The literature references used for solar collector cooling costs are similar to those for solar heating collector costs with additional information provided by Henning (2007). A3. Biomass pellet heating Biomass pellet heating systems typically have a capacity ranging from 5 kW (low-energy single-family dwelling) to 100 kW (apartment building) and are used for heat only (not CHP). The data in the overview below are based on German systems and exclude VAT. Note, that small systems have a low number of full load hours since there is no backup available that has a capacity large enough to cover the full peak demand, as is usually the case for larger systems. Table A4 Cost parameters for biomass pellet heating in 2005 (excluding VAT) with projections out to 2030* Data for base year 2005 Extrapolation to 2030 Minimum Average Maximum Unit Investment cost (combustion plant only, including control) 120 380 800 2005€/kWth 0% Total investment including civil works, fuel and heat storage 250 500 1 000 2005€/kWth 0% Conversion efficiency** 86 92 95 % +10% Fuel cost 9.7 12.5 15.3 2005€/GJ 0% Auxiliary energy needed 10 14 20 kWhe/kW/yr +5% Cost of auxiliary energy 0.05 0.15 0.2 2005€/kWhe +25% O&M 10 20 30 2005€/kWth/yr 0% Full load hours heating 1 100 2 000 2 500 hrs/yr 0% Lifetime 10 15 20 yr +20% Interest rate 5 10 15 %/yr +10% 126 Annuity Annual investment payment Annual auxiliary energy cost Annual O&M cost Fuel input 8.0 13.1 19.9 20 66 199 0.5 2.1 4 10 20 30 4.2 7.8 10.5 %/yr 2005€/kWth/yr 2005€/kWth/yr 2005€/kWth/yr GJinput/kWth/yr Total energy cost - investment 2 9 50 2005€/GJ -5% to -1% - fuel 5 14 40 2005€/GJ -9% to -8% - auxiliary energy 0 0 1 2005€/GJ +31% - O&M 1 3 8 2005€/GJ 0% Total 8 26 99 2005€/GJ -6% to -4% * Covers worldwide systems for the base year 2005 and projected relative differences by 2030. Neither a reference system nor avoided costs due to fuel savings are incorporated. Installation costs are included but heat distribution costs are not. ** The maximum achievable conversion efficiency in 2030 is 103%. Output data Intermediate Input data resultsPDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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