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5. Conclusions Providing heating, and to a lesser degree cooling services, accounts for around 40-50% of global consumer energy demand each year, yet policies to encourage REHC technology development and deployment have often been neglected compared with those supporting energy efficiency, renewable electricity, or biofuels for transport. There appears to be high potential for heating services to be provided from solar thermal, biomass and geothermal resources by displacing conventional fossil fuels and hence reducing greenhouse gas emissions as well as, under certain specific conditions, improving security of energy supply and reducing related risks to human health. Global REHC markets already exist (Table 10) and contribute around 1% of global primary energy supply each year (with possibly another 10% coming from conventional biomass used for traditional heating and cooking). Table 10 Summary of estimated installed global capacities, energy outputs and 2005 and projected costs out to 2030 of solar thermal, bioenergy (excluding traditional biomass combustion) and geothermal technologies Installed capacity Energy output Costs 2005 Projected average cost reduction by 2030 Range Average GWth PJ/yr €/GJ €/GJ % 2005 costs Solar thermal 100-110 200-220 - water and space heating 8 to 226 52 -42 - solar assisted cooling <0.05 11 to 307 66 -44 107 Bioenergy - pellet heating - CHP - anaerobic digestion - MSW waste-to-energy 1000-1200 3000-4000 8 to 99 7 to 67 6 to 32 2 to 12 26 -5 26 -8 15 -3 5 -9 Geothermal 25-30 270-280 - deep conventional 0.5 to 11 2 +11* - deep advanced 1 to 24 3 -13 - shallow geothermal -heat only -h+c: heating -h+c: cooling 3 to 89 2 to 75 2 to 97 19 17 16 -9 -8 -8 *Increase costs due to scarcity of sites and many of the good sites already developed. Several REHC technologies are mature, their markets are growing, and their costs relative to conventional systems continue to decline. The solar thermal market, for example, continues to grow steadily and equipment performance increases. China dominates the world market and also has the greatest solarPDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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