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92 In summary Denmark has been innovative in its support for renewable heating with the 1993 Biomass Agreement, one of the only stick-based support schemes in existence requiring the purchase of a renewable heating supply. It has successfully increased the use of biomass in CHP generation facilities and reached its 19.5 PJ target, although a little behind schedule. Biomass has also been supported directly through other Danish political incentives such as Energy 21 that set targets for 85 PJ and 145 PJ of total biomass use by 2005 and 2030 respectively. The original Biomass Agreement is therefore part of a package of incentive schemes for the development of biomass. A target for 30% of total primary energy coming from RES by 2030 was declared by the Danish government in February 2007, and biomass as a CHP fuel is seen as one of the most cost efficient options. Therefore, it is likely that the original target of the Biomass Agreement will be greatly exceeded as Denmark works towards its new targets for renewable energy. Guidance (Table 7) Solar thermal: Austrian research, training, and education campaigns Austria, as a pioneering nation in its use of solar thermal energy, is the leading producer and exporter of solar water heating panels in Europe. Its stable domestic market developed since the 1990s and has been greatly influenced by a combination of carrot- and guidance-based government programmes at the federal, regional (Länder) and community levels. Subsidies for solar thermal are available for firms, associations and public entities, which, in conjunction with financial support from local governments, may cover up to 66% of project costs. Administered by the Kommunalkredit Public Consulting (KPC) bank, federal subsidies for installations over 10 m2 collector area typically constitute 30% of project costs. Subsidies have been available since the 1993 Umweltförderungsgesetz (Environmental Support Act)24. In 2006 €7.4 M was allocated to support 857 solar thermal installations. The Länder often offer their own financial incentives and set individual targets. For example, the Tyrol region aims to double its installed solar thermal capacity by 2010. In 2006 Länder subsidized almost 19 000 installations costing approximately €36 M. In addition to financial incentives, campaigns and training measures for solar thermal have received much support from many government levels. The largest federal solar campaign is the Klima: Aktiv Programm Solarwärme (Climate: active programme on solar heat), begun in September 2004. The 4-year programme, with a €2.6 M budget, was intended to strengthen the Austrian market for solar thermal energy, thereby securing the basis for expansion abroad. It is financed by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management, the Austria Solar Association, and a sponsoring group of seven solar thermal companies. Individual organizations within a consortium are responsible for administrating the campaign25. The aim is to support regional campaigns; information and promotional events (including trade fairs); training measures for installation and technical staff, planners, and energy consultants; planning support for large solar thermal systems; expert workshops; presentations; information website; information brochures; and a free solar thermal consultation hotline. In its first two years approximately 100 000 brochures were distributed; 400 000 visitors used the website; the consultation hotline was contacted about 3 000 times; consulting services were offered at 10 trade fairs; and 6 000 visitors attended roughly 80 sponsored workshops and presentations. 24. Although most projects subsidized at the beginning of its implementation were for cleaner air and waste prevention, a majority of the budget has since been shifted toward renewable energy projects (approximately 90% in 2005, and 96% in 2006). 25. The Austria Solar Association runs the programme for private single home owners; the AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies, for apartment houses with multiple dwelling units; and a group of Austrian research centres organise professional training and also for the hotel and restaurant industries.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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