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of government incentives, for the existing forest industry infrastructure to produce biomass fuel sources and the adaptability of the district heating systems (facilitated by the 1982 Solid Fuel Act), Sweden is a global leader in biomass heat generation. Figure 38 Heat generated by biomass sources in Sweden from 1990 to 2004 Heat generated (PJ) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: IEA, 2004. Note: Increased subsidies for CHP in 1998 and biomass energy tax exemption in 2000 gave increased deployment (Annex B11). Figure 39 Fuel resources used by Swedish district heating systems in 1984 and 2004 showing the growth of biomass 85 District heat composition 1984 Total: 35.2 TWh Source: SEA, 2005 Geothermal: Swiss subsidies Biomass Coal Electricity Heat pumps Natural gas Oil Waste District heat composition 2004 Total: 53.5 TWh The successful deployment of geothermal heat energy in Switzerland resulted from the Energy 2000 Action Plan (1991-2000) and its successor, the Swiss Energy Action Plan, or “SwissEnergy” (2001-present). These programmes cover many energy areas including energy efficiency, transport and industry with the promotion of renewable heat being an important component. The Energy 2000 Action Plan aimed to increase the contribution of renewables for heat production by 3%. At its conclusion in 2000, renewable heat had increased by 2.1%, being 0.9% short of its target (IEA, 2004). The SwissEnergy successor programme aims to increase the contribution of renewable heat19 by a further 3% by 2010 compared to 2000 levels. This is equivalent to roughly 10.8 PJ (3 TWh) 19. SwissEnergy also aims to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels by 10% by 2010; limit the increase of electricity consumption to 5%; and increase the share of non-hydro renewables in electricity production by 1.8 PJ (0.5 TWh).PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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