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Figure 35 Coarse indication of policy effectiveness obtained by comparing the total average annual government investment between 2000 and 2005 in grants and subsidies against the annual average change in renewable heat generation per 1 000 capita from the base year across selected nations Total change in annual renewable TJ / 1 000 capita 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 -0.05 Note: scale differs from Figs 33 and 34. Average annual € invested per capita Canada France Spain Sweden Germany Ireland Denmark Norway Netherlands Italy UK0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Data from France is uncertain and a breakdown into individual technologies as for other countries could not be made. However, overall both France and Canada were the most successful in terms of investment 78 per heat output across all technologies. Across all countries, for biomass €0.02 was invested to gain 1 TJ of increased heat output on average, compared with €0.12 /TJ for solar thermal heat output. Therefore in general terms, countries that invested most heavily in solar thermal such as Germany have received a lower return of heat output than those that favoured investment in biomass heat such as Sweden, Denmark, and Canada. Investment data for geothermal heat was available for only the Netherlands and Denmark but included for them in Figure 35, thus inflating their total annual investment slightly above the other nations where such data was not available. Poor correlation between government investment in financial incentives and the change in renewable energy heat generated indicates such policies are only one of a number of factors influencing the development of renewable energy heat markets. In order to accurately compare national investment per unit of renewable heat generated, other external factors that could have had an influence should also be considered including: the status of the technology in the market and whether or not a critical mass has been reached; the natural resource availability which, if not abundant, may need greater government subsidies or grants to gain REHC deployment; the influence of related policies, possibly those including other fiscal incentives that are difficult to quantify specifically; regulations that might impact on REHC deployment such as tighter air emission controls in the UK that led to industry replacing old biomass boilers with clean gas; and excluding possible longer term developments from a short term evaluation, for example the 2005/06 REHC policies implemented in Ireland not yet having their full impact in terms of full public awareness, development of infrastructure and training.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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