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centrifugal compressor. In other words, if a 200 kW compressor is used in an ORC application, the pressure-flow characteristics of the working fluid in the ORC system have to result in a 200 kW turbine output. Using R-134a, the working fluid used for the chiller application, as working fluid for the ORC application, would result in unacceptably high operating pressures requiring major redesign. Therefore, a lower-pressure working fluid is required for the higher- temperature operational regime of the organic Rankine cycle. The non-flammable and non-toxic refrigerants promoted in the past as attractive fluids for organic Rankine cycle systems [1] have all been outlawed because of their ozone layer depletion potential. The HFC refrigerants introduced during the last decade to replace the CFC and HCFC refrigerants, such as R-134a, R-407C and R410A, have relatively low critical temperatures resulting in low ORC cycle efficiencies [2]. These refrigerants also would result in very high evaporator and turbine inlet pressures. This only leaves flammable and sometimes also highly toxic hydrocarbon fluids, such as pentane and toluene, as the fluids currently used on ORC installations. Apart from the flammability and toxicity issues, these fluids would, If applied to existing HVAC compressor hardware, fail to achieve the required turbine power density given their low vapor density at moderate temperature levels. These fluids would need larger turbine and condenser equipment than is available in the HVAC industry. Vapor Compression Cycle versus Organic Rankine Cycle Organic Rankine Cycle Heat in Tevaporator = 125 0C Pevap = 20 bar Evaporator/Boiler Vapor Compression Cycle Heat out R-134a Compressor Power in Generator Condenser Pcond = 9 barCondenser Valve Pevap= 3.5 bar Evaporator/Cooler Tcondenser = 36 0C Heat in Tevaporator = 4 0C Motor Pcond = 2 bar Figure 4. The vapor compression cycle at refrigeration temperature levels has pressures and power densities similar to the organic Rankine cycle at waste-heat- temperature conditions Recently, R-245fa , a non-flammable, low-pressure (relative to R-134a) HFC refrigerant has been introduced for the foam blowing industry [3,4]. The relatively high critical temperature of this fluid means that it would be an efficient working fluid for a moderate temperature ORC system [2]. R-245fa is the fluid that allows usage of mass-produced existing HVAC compressor and heat exchanger hardware. The current offering of HVAC derived organic Rankine cycle systems uses Pump R-245fa Turbine Power out Heat outPDF Image | Power Production from a Moderate Temp Geothermal Resource
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