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(GHG) emissions. Measures are technologies, processes and practices used to implement policies, which, if employed, would reduce GHG emissions below anticipated future levels. Examples might include carbon or other energy taxes, standardized fuel efficiency standards for automobiles, etc. ‘Common and coordinated’ or ‘harmonized’ policies would refer to those adopted jointly by Parties. (This could be by region, such as the EU, or by countries comprising a given classification, for example, all Annex I nations.) Positive & Negative Lists Some countries have argued that listing the types of projects that would qualify for CDM credit would simplify the decision making process for potential project participants and could facilitate a prompt start to the CDM. It has been proposed that the lists of projects could either be negative i.e., exclude specific technologies (e.g. nuclear or large scale hydro) or be positive i.e. include specific technologies or activities such as renewable energy or energy efficiency projects. Precautionary Principle From the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Article 3): Parties should take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing such measures taking into account that policies and measures to deal with climate change should be cost-effective so as to ensure global benefits at the lowest possible cost. ‘Primary Market’ & ‘Secondary Market’ Trading In commodities and financial exchanges, buyers and sellers who trade directly with each other constitute the ‘primary market’, while buying and selling through the exchange facilities represent the ‘secondary market.’ Public Participation Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol does not mention public (or NGO) participation in the CDM project approval process, but many countries have proposed that it be part of the process. The criteria for, and the timing of, public participation (i.e. whether public consultation should occur prior to project approval and then again prior to the issuance of credits) is a concern for some governments. Some have argued that while public participation is necessary, there are existing structures for this process during project planning such as the EIA procedures, and that the CDM should operate within these existing structures. QELROs, or Quantified Emissions Limitations and Reductions Objectives The greenhouse gas emissions reduction commitments made by developed countries listed in Annex B of the Protocol. (See also 'Targets and Timetables'.) 20PDF Image | Organisations in Different Renewables
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