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management systems, in combination with a competent workforce and appropriate laws and regulations. Under current negotiations, capacity building should assist developing countries to build, develop, strengthen, enhance and improve their capabilities to achieve the objective of the Convention and their participation in the Kyoto Protocol process. Carbon Cycle The natural processes that govern the exchange of carbon (in the form of CO2, carbonates and organic compounds etc.) among the atmosphere, ocean and terrestrial systems. Major components include photosynthesis, respiration and decay between atmospheric and terrestrial systems (approximately 100 billion tonnes/year (gigatons); thermodynamic invasion and evasion between the ocean and atmosphere, operation of the carbon pump and mixing in the deep ocean (approx. 90 billion tonnes/year). Deforestation and fossil fuel burning releases approximately 7 Gt into the atmosphere annually. The total carbon in the reservoirs is approximately 2000 Gt in land biota, soil and detritus, 730 Gt in the atmosphere and 38,000 Gt in the oceans. (Figures from IPCC Third Assessment Report 2001.) Over still longer periods, the geological processes of outgassing, volcanism, sedimentation and weathering are also important. Carbon Dioxide, or CO2 A naturally occurring gas, it is also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal anthropogenic greenhouse gas that affects the earth’s temperature. It is the reference gas against which other GHGs are indexed and therefore has a ‘Global Warming Potential’ (see below) of 1. Carbon dioxide constitutes approximately 0.036 per cent of the atmosphere. The mass ratio of carbon to carbon dioxide is 12/44. Carbon Dioxide Fertilization Enhancement of plant growth or yield as a result of an increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2. Depending on their mechanism of photosynthesis, only certain types of plants are sensitive to CO2 fertilization. Examples are all trees, nearly all plants of cold climates, and most agricultural crops, including wheat and rice, but excluding maize and sugar cane. Carbon Intensity Carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy or economic output. Carbon Sequestration The long-term storage of carbon or carbon dioxide in the forests, soils, ocean, or underground in depleted oil and gas reservoirs, coal seams and saline aquifers. Examples include: the separation and disposal of CO2 from flue gases or processing fossil fuels to produce H2 and carbon rich fractions; and the direct removal of CO2 from the atmosphere through land-use change, afforestation, reforestation, ocean fertilization, and agricultural practices to enhance soil carbon. 6PDF Image | Organisations in Different Renewables
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