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biofuel include alcohols (from fermented sugar), black liquor from the paper manufacturing process, wood and soybean oil. Biomass The total dry organic matter or stored energy content of living organisms. Biomass can be used for fuel directly by burning it (e.g., wood), indirectly by fermentation to an alcohol (e.g., sugar) or extraction of combustible oils (e.g., soybeans). Borrowing The Kyoto Protocol does not permit borrowing emissions credits or units from future commitment periods (i.e., from the periods after 2012) to satisfy obligations in the first commitment period (2008–12). On the other hand, carrying forward excess credits is allowed. (See also ‘Banking.’) BTU Tax Energy tax levied at a rate based on the BTU (British Thermal Unit) energy content of a fuel. Bubble Article 4 of the Kyoto Protocol allows a group of countries to meet their target listed in Annex B jointly by aggregating their total emissions under one ‘bubble’ and sharing the burden depending on each individual country’s circumstances and agreement within the bubble. The 15 nations that comprise the EU have agreed to aggregate and share their emissions commitments under one bubble for the first commitment period. Some countries in the EU have taken on greater cuts than the 8 per cent in the Kyoto Protocol (e.g.UK – 12.5 per cent and Germany – 20 per cent), thus enabling others under the EU bubble to increase their emissions during the first commitment period. Buenos Aires Plan of Action The Plan of Action agreed by governments at COP-4 held in Buenos Aires (November, 1998). The Plan of Action states the aim to resolve, by COP-6, a list of outstanding issues concerning the FCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, principally on the Kyoto Mechanisms and compliance. The development and transfer of technology, compensation for adverse effects (of climate change itself and mitigation policies), and the status of projects under the Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) pilot program are also included in the Plan of Action and require resolution by COP-6. It is sometimes referred to as the BAPA. Capacity Building A process of constructive interaction between developing countries and the private sector to help them develop the capability and skills needed to achieve environmentally sound forms of economic development. The process makes use of the private sector’s modern technologies and 5PDF Image | Organisations in Different Renewables
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