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Annex II to the Climate Convention lists all countries in the OECD in 1990. Under Article 4.2(g) of the Convention, these countries are expected to provide financial resources to assist developing countries comply with their obligations such as preparing national reports. Annex II countries are also expected to promote the transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries. Annex B Countries Annex B in the Kyoto Protocol lists those developed countries that have agreed to a commitment to control their greenhouse gas emissions in the period 2008–12, including those in the OECD, Central and Eastern Europe and the Russian Federation. Not quite the same as Annex I, which also includes Turkey, and Belarus, while Annex B includes Croatia, Monaco, Liechtenstein and Slovenia. Anthropogenic Emissions Emissions of greenhouse gases associated with human activities. These include burning of fossil fuels for energy, deforestation, land-use changes and emissions of other GHGs. ‘Anyway’ Tonnes The emissions reductions achieved from projects that would have occurred anyway (irrespective of a country’s policies to control GHG emissions). Some have argued that projects which are profitable would have been implemented anyway and, therefore, are not additional and should not qualify for credits under the CDM or JI. ARD Activities Afforestation, Reforestation, Deforestation (see separate definitions).These are the three land-use change and forestry activities which are included in Article 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol. Net changes resulting from these activities are allowed to be used by the Parties in meeting their GHG obligations under the Protocol in the first commitment period (they are required in the second commitment period).They are often referred to together as ARD. ARD Activities are the focus of Ch.4 of the IPCC Special Report on LULUCF. Articles 4.8 & 4.9 Adverse impacts of climate change, the impact of measures taken to respond to climate change, and compensation for these impacts is referred to in Articles 4.8 & 4.9 of the Convention. This issue is also addressed under Article 3.14 of the Kyoto Protocol. In the negotiations, discussion of article 4.8 is of particular concern to small island countries and those non-Annex I countries whose economies are highly dependent on exporting fossil fuels. Article 4.9 refers specifically to the special situations of least developed countries. 3PDF Image | Organisations in Different Renewables
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