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outdoor conditions (insolation from 16 to 18 MJm-2), the system could produce 4.0 kg of ice per m2 with a COP of about 0.12. Based on the results with this prototype, two new prototypes were developed, where the adsorber wall thickness was reduced. These prototypes could produce between 4.0 and 5.0 kg of ice per m2, with a COP from about 0.12 to 0.14, when the solar radiation was between 18 and 22 MJm-2. The cost of such a machine was estimated to be no more than US$ 250 per m2 of solar panel. (a) Scheme of the solar powered icemaker. (b) Photo of the solar powered icemaker. Fig. 3. Solar powered icemaker without valves. 1) cover plate; 2) adsorbent bed; 3) insulation; 4) condenser; 5) evaporator; 6) water tank; 7) cold box [58]. An adsorption icemaker, also with the pair activated carbon-methanol, was tested in Burkina Faso by Buchter et al. [60]. The results of this prototype were compared to those obtained by Boubakri et al. [61,62] in Morocco, with a similar system, which was commercially produced in the 1980s by the French company BLM. The main difference between those systems is the presence of ventilation dampers in the former (as can be seen in Fig. 4), which were open during nighttime to improve the cooling of the adsorbent bed. The machine tested in Burkina Faso presented a cooling performance about 35 % higher than that of the machine tested in Morocco. The COP of the former machine ranged from 0.09 to 0.13 when the insolation ranged from 22 to 25 MJ m-2. In this system, the ice produced during the adsorption time was not removed from the cold box, and it was used to keep the box at about 5 °C during daytime. Fig. 4. Scheme of the solar powered refrigerator: 1) solar collector/adsorber; 2) ventilation dampers (.1) closed, (.2) open; 3) condenser; 4) evaporator; 5) ice storage; 6) cold box [60]. Hildbrand et al. [63] developed an adsorption icemaker in which water was used as refrigerant and the ice was produced within the evaporator. The adsorbent was silica gel and the total solar collector area was 2 m2. The scheme of this machine is presented in Fig. 5. The experiments were carried out over a period of 68 days and showed the considerable influence of the environmental conditions (insolation and outdoor temperature) on the performance of the system. For insolation higher than 20 MJm-2, the COP was between 0.12 and 0.23, when the mean outdoor temperature was between 12 and 25 °C. COPs higher than 0.15 were generally obtained with outdoor temperatures below 20 °C. Fig. 5. Solar collector/adsorber. 1) with detail: glass cover (A); Teflon film (B); tube covered with selective surface (C); central tube for vapour transport (D); silica gel bed (E); thermal insulation (F); 2) ventilation dampers (a - closed – b - open); 3) condenser; 4) cold box; 5) evaporator and ice storage [63]. All the experiments were performed employing a constant load (4.1 MJday–1) inside the cold box. The temperature of the evaporator was kept constant during a period of 30 days, where 3PDF Image | International Sorption Heat Pump Conference
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