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D. Schochet by Empire L.P., and the geothermal resource management was unified. A program of partial surface discharge was instituted to create a wildlife wetland and the injection configuration was modified. By 1997 additional geothermal fluid at 150oC was introduced into the plant supply and a three cell cooling tower was added. The cooler production wells were shut in. The power plant, as shown in Figure 6, is currently operating at 3.85 MW, some 7% above its design output capacity, and the agricultural processing plant operates at full capacity. This case clearly demonstrates that with site specific design criteria and prudent unified resource and plant management, reliable cost effective operation of a small scale power plant may be achieved. Overall plant availability is 94%, and EGAT estimates that the cost of the electricity produced is between US$0.063 and $0.086. This case demonstrates that a very small power plant may be operated to produce reliable and cost effective electrical power, if it is owned and operated by an experienced and well motivated infrastructure agency. Figure 7. Fang Geothermal 300 kW Water Cooled Binary Power Plant 3.4 Nagqu Geothermal Power Plant, Tibet, PRC The Nagqu geothermal power plant, which is located approximately 200 kilometers north of Lhasa, is the highest geothermal plant in the world at 4,500 meters ASL. This plant is also the only completely stand alone, off grid geothermal power project. The project was funded by the UNDP and is owned and operated by the Nagqu Power Bureau. It consists of two production wells, and one 1.3 MW air cooled OEC binary modular power plant, installed and commissioned in 1993 (see Figure 8). The wells are pumped and produce 4,200 liters per minute of geothermal fluid at 110oC. The plant initially operated for 6,400 hours and was shut down following failures of the down-hole pumps. A cable failure occurred after 15 days and a pump seal failed after 7 months of operation. The wells were then operated without the pumps and subsequent severe scaling resulted in the plant being shut down. The down hole pumps were subsequently replaced and the plant was re-commissioned in August 1998. It is currently operating properly. This case demonstrates that continuous reliable operation can be achieved with small scale power plants, even in very remote areas, if proper maintenance support is provided. There is no doubt that the Nagqu geothermal provides more cost effective power than the small diesel generators, which it replaced. Figure 6. Empire Geothermal 4.8 MW Water Cooled Binary Power Plant 3.3 Fang Geothermal Power Plant, Thailand The Fang geothermal resource, located in a rural agricultural setting near Chang Mai in north central Thailand, utilizes three free flowing wells producing approximately 500 liters/minute of hot water at 116oC. One binary OEC module, rated at 300 kW was installed in 1989 (See Figure 7). The OEC condenser is water cooled by a once through flow of river water. The project produces between 150 and 250 kW, with seasonal variations, with excess heat used for cold storage, crop drying and a spa. (Forte 1989) The Fang plant also makes use of battery storage to reduce on-peak electric demand by storing electricity during the off- peak periods. In 1996 a Battery Energy Storage Station was set up at Fang with a capacity of 200kVA/800kWh. This system has been operating since 1997 with local and remote control and a 94% efficiency. The Plant, the only operating geothermal power plant in Thailand, was self financed and is owned and operated by the Electrical Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). It has been in continuous operation since 1989. It has excellent scheduled maintenance, including cleaning of well scaling. 2203PDF Image | CASE HISTORIES OF SMALL SCALE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS
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