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working fluid. An example of the very successful application of this process is the Puna Geothermal Plant in Hawaii, where ten 3 MW combined cycle modules have been providing 30 MW of continuous base load power since 1992, (See Figure4). Another example is the Rotokawa Geothermal Project in the Taupo area in the North Island of New Zealand. This area is a vulnerable situation with a single 33kv connection to the national grid supplying a 38MW load. The geothermal plant produces 24 MW from a Combined Cycle system consisting of a 14 MW steam turbine followed by two 4 MW binary units, which condense the low pressure steam, and a single 5 MW binary unit operating from the hot brine. Figure 3. Process Diagram: ORMAT® Combined Cycle Unit Figure 4. Puna Geothermal 30 MW Air Cooled, Combined Cycle Power Plant 3. CASE HISTORIES 3.1 TAD’s Geothermal Plant, Wabuska, Nevada, USA The Wabuska, geothermal resource is located some 100 kilometers southeast of the City of Reno, and produces up to 3,600 liters per minute of hot water at a temperature of 104oC from two pumped wells. The geothermal fluid was originally produced for agricultural processing but has been utilized for power production since 1984. The power plant, which is comprised of two binary OEC modular power units, is rated at 1,750 kW generator capacity. The plant uses water cooled condensers, with a cooling pond. OEC modular power unit No.1, rated at 750 kW output and shown in Figure 5, was installed and started into operation in 1984, and power unit No.2, rated at 1,000 kW output was installed and started into operation in 1987. The units operate automatically, mostly unattended, with maintenance and operation provided by a two person staff. The project was privately financed and is owned by Tad’s Enterprises, (of Nevada). Output power is purchased by Sierra Pacific Power Company, at a power price in the range of $0.06/kWh, under a 30 year power purchase agreement (PPA) signed in 1985. The project experienced minor outages from 1985 through 1990. During very cold weather in 1990 several power tripped outages during unmanned periods resulted in freezing in the condensers and pumps. The plant was repaired and operated commercially until 1996. From 1996 the plant was shutdown due to the unavailability of Freon 114, which then was the working fluid. The plant was converted to Iso-Pentane as the working fluid in early 1998 and is currently operating profitably, at level of 1,250kW. This case demonstrates how a privately financed small power plant, with careful maintenance and operating procedures to assure reliable and economically viable operation, can be operated profitably by its owners D. Schochet 2202 Figure 5. Tad's Geothermal 1.75 MW Water Cooled Binary Power Plant 3.2 EMPIRE L.P. Geothermal Power Plant, Empire Nevada, USA The Empire geothermal resource is located 100 kilometers north of the City of Reno, and currently produces geothermal fluid at 150oC to supply energy to the power plant and process heat to a nearby agricultural processing facility. The power plant is comprised of four (4) 1.2 MW binary OEC modular power units. The plant uses water cooled condensers with an originally installed cooling pond, which was adversely affected by local wind conditions and later supplemented with cooling towers. The plant was placed in operation as an independent power project in late 1987, to supply up to 3.6 MW to Sierra Pacific Power Company under a long term PPA. The power plant geothermal fluid temperature, which was 137oC in 1987, dropped to 118oC, average of two wells, by 1989 due to injection cooling. Subsequently both the power plant and the agricultural processing facilities were acquiredPDF Image | CASE HISTORIES OF SMALL SCALE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS
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