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D APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY RECOVERY Total energy loss for a kg of paper is shown in Table D.3, divided into internal and external losses. The largest internal energy loss occurs in the CHP unit and is caused by the conversion of a high-quality fuel to low-quality steam. The steam used in a typical mill has an energy factor of 0.3, whereas the energy factor from a high-quality fuel (NG) is about 1. The energy loss in the paper machine is about 35% of the total energy loss. About one third of this loss is caused by lost fibers. The energy of the steam and electricity is largely lost internally in the process; a small amount is found in damp air and the condensate. Table D.3: Total energy loss for a kg of paper. Unit Operation CHP Unit Stock Preparation Paper Machine TOTAL Internal 4.9 1.1 1.9 7.9 Energy Loss External 0.2 0.0 1.5 1.7 Total 5.1 1.1 3.4 9.6 The relationship between energy use and the amount of water removed in the three processes occurring in the paper machine are quantified, with the bulk of the water removed in the forming section using the smallest amount of energy. Table D.4 indicates that drying uses by far the most energy per mt of water removed. Table D.4: Energy requirements for water evaporation of paper. Minimum Energy requirement for: Heating and evaporation of water, from 50C to 100C Heating of fibers from 50C to 100C Desorption Heat TOTAL (GJ/mt of paper) Ingoing Consistency 40% 3.25 0.07 0.02 3.34 (% ds) 45% 2.63 0.07 0.02 2.27 (GJ/mt of water evaporated) 2.46 0.07 0.02 2.55 There are various technologies available to address energy usage in the drying process including dry sheet forming, press drying, condensing belt frying, impingement drying, and airless drying. Specific Paper Process Energy Savings/Conversion Opportunities Black Liquor Gasification Boiler plants that burn biomass materials are primarily located at Kraft pulp mills, which currently account for nearly 80% of the pulp produced in the U.S. In standard integrated Kraft mills, the spent liquor produced from de-lignifying wood chips (called black liquor) 124PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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