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D APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY RECOVERY The term runnability is used to indicate how the paper goes through the paper machine. A technology with poor runnability decreases the reliability of the process. Important aspects are: does the paper stick to the supporting felt, how easily is the transfer from one cylinder to the next, does much paper get damaged, and is the paper dried equally over the whole surface? The main parameters to determine paper quality are the basic weight (in g/m2), the thickness, the optical properties (brightness, color, opacity, transparency, and gloss), stiffness, moisture content, and strength (tensile, burst, and tear). These parameters are determined largely by the types of fiber, the machine speed, the pressing load, and the drying temperature. Enthalpy and Energy Analysis In the paper-making process, heat is required mainly in the form of low-pressure steam. When heat and electricity are produced in a cogeneration plant, it is common to generate high pressure steam first, and let this expand to low-pressure steam in a back pressure turbine to generate electricity. Paper drying consumes about 90% of the steam demand. Some steam and hot water is used in stock preparation. In some paper mills a small amount of steam is used by steam showers in the press section. The electricity demand is more evenly distributed over the various unit operations than the steam demand. Electricity is used to drive the pumps that handle the huge flows of water and the fans for removing the damp air from the paper machine, and to drive the paper machine. Furthermore, refining the fibers also requires electricity. During the numerous wet processes the temperature of the process, water increases by 10-20°C. Table D.2: Based on material, enthalpy, and energy flows in a standardized paper mill, the energy balance to produce one kilogram of paper is listed. INPUT (MJ) Mass Enthalpy Energy (kg) (MJ) (MJ) OUTPUT (MJ) Material Natural Gas Air Water/Condensate Material Mass (kg) 1.80 7.38 103.33 0.19 1.00 0.05 0.05 Enthalpy Energy (MJ) (MJ) 3.60 3.60 4.80 1.50 1.50 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.90 0.00 19.80 24.40 0.10 0.00 1.30 0.00 18.10 22.00 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.20 0.00 0.00 3.20 0.20 0.50 0.10 1.30 0.00 0.27 10.80 7.1 1 0.10 0.00 0.00 10.20 0.00 Electricity Steam (7 bar, 140C) Exhaust (105C) Heat Loss (500C) Energy Balance CHP-Unit Steam Pulp/waste Paper Water 102.30 0.00 Electricity 0.90 0.90 Wet pulp 103.33 19.80 Steam 1.61 4.30 0.00 Energy Balance Paper Machine 24.40 Paper 1.30 Broke Electricity Atmospheric Air 0.90 0.90 Lost 6.82 0.10 0.00 Water 0.19 0.50 1.03 19.80 0.20 Wet Pulp 24.40 Condensate (100C) Stock Preparation 123 101.21 7.84 Condensate 1.61 Damp air (55C) Energy BalancePDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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