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D APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY RECOVERY F. Thermorestrictive Materials Recent developments indicate that it is possible to bond bulk Gd5Ge2Si2 with PZT to directly convert thermal energy to electrical energy1,2. Gd5Ge2Si2 undergoes a coupled magnetic and structural phase change near room temperature that can be induced by either a magnetic field or a temperature change. The strains induced are on the order of 1% and can be induced both by an increase and decrease temperature. When this "thermostrictive" material is bonded to a piezoelectric such as PZT, it is possible to create a new type of material, referred to as a "compound thermoelectric.” Initial measurements2 show a Seebeck coefficient of 1800 V/K, which is very large compared to conventional thermoelectric materials. The transition temperature and the width can be modified by an external magnetic field, and by sample composition. Other materials, can also be used as the "thermostrictive" material such as NiTi. It is believed that the conversion efficiencies for compound thermoelectrics prepared as thin films can greatly exceed that of current solar cells for producing hydrogen by electrolysis. Initial (best scenario) estimates indicate that efficiencies up to 36% are possible, which would be an improvement by a factor of 3 over conventional thermoelectric materials. It is also possible to consider other sources of waste energy to harvest, such as car engines or hot asphalt, which are available even when the sun is not shining. The basic concept of the Gd5Ge2Si2/PZT compound thermoelectrics has been filed as a provisional patent by LLNL and UCLA1. The basic concept is that solar or other “free” sources of thermal energy would be converted to electricity using a thin-film compound thermoelectric material operated at high thermal cycling frequency. This electricity would be used to produce hydrogen by electrolysis, in a standard manner. Figure D.9 illustrates one potential operating mode of the compound thermoelectric based on the bimorph principle. When the thermostrictive material is in the low-temperature phase, the laminate is at the unstressed state and is in contact with the heat source (or Thot). When the material is sufficiently heated to undergo a phase transformation to the high-temperature phase, it strains, causing the laminate to bend. This breaks the contact with the heat source and establishes contact with the heat sink (or Tcold). Once the material is sufficiently cooled, the thermostrictive material returns to the low-temperature phase and the laminate re-establishes contact with the heat source. This process is repeated as long as the difference between Thot and Tcold is larger then the temperature hysteresis associated with the phase transformation. The goal is to design the structure using thin-films and appropriate microstructures to allow thermal cycling in the kilohertz regime, which will in turn increase the power output (being directly proportional to frequency). Such frequencies are attainable because at the micro scale the thermal mass is greatly lowered. This high frequency of operation will in turn increase the power output (P = W*f, where W is the work and f is the frequency of operation) of the system. 116PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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