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D APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY RECOVERY One detriment to TPV conversion stems from the radiating source to PV cell proximity dictating performance. Conversion efficiency is minimized due to energy losses resulting from convection and conduction of heat from the thermal generator. Broad spectrum or near-blackbody type emitters, such as silicon carbide (SiC), are used in most conventional TPV systems. The problem of spectral control is a challenging design requirement. SiC is an attractive material for high-temperature TPV emitter applications due to its high thermal shock resistance and an ability to resist decomposition in air atmospheres up to approximately 1600oC (Ferguson, L.G. et al. 2001). Broad-spectrum emitters can work efficiently with PV cells if infrared filters can be devised to effectively reflect nearly all of the non-convertible radiation back to the emitter. The primary reason no TPV generator with efficiency over 10% exists is due the lack of practical infrared filters that can perform under the traditional TPV generator environment. Low conversion efficiencies stem from the decreased emitter temperatures that result when non-convertible radiation is not contained and recycled by the spectral filters. Inadequate filters can also lead to extremely high heat loads on PV cells, filters, insulating materials, and other components. Selective Emitter Development Spectrally selective emitters take advantage of the ability of certain rare earth oxides, including erbium oxide and ytterbium oxide, to radiate in a relatively predetermined wavelength range when thermally excited at a specific temperature range. Early attempts at rare earth oxide selective emitters were met with excessive radiation in non-convertible wavelengths as well as mechanical failure due to thermal stress. Subsequent efforts to produce rare-earth oxide high-temperature emitters in small diameter fibrous form were met with higher thermal tolerance but were difficult to handle and had the inherent disadvantage of exhibiting only narrow “line-type” emissions at convertible wavelengths where emissive power should be maximized. Efforts to increase emissions utilizing multi-dopant selective emitters with a mixture of erbia and holmia rare-earth oxides produce high emittance peaks at 1.55 μm for erbia and 2.01 μm for holmia, which is outside the emission range for low-cost GaSb PV cells and more applicable to complex ternary InGaAs or quaternary GaInAsSb PV cells. 109PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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