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D APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY RECOVERY Current air conditioning modules use Bismuth Telluride as their thermoelectric material. The efficiency of these systems have a COP up to 1.2. For material quality to improve (i.e., larger Z), it is generally agreed that the thermal conductivity (K) and electrical resistivity (ρ) of semiconductor materials must decrease. Generally, when thermal conductivity is lowered, the electrical resistivity of a material rises. It has proven very difficult to lower both K and ρ at the same time. The K/ρ relationship has been the principal limiting factor toward higher conversion efficiency in both thermoelectric devices. Recent developments in advanced thermoelectric material research could lead to much higher figure of merit values, which correspond to efficiencies approaching those of current vapor compression air conditioning systems. Developments in Quantum-Dot Superlattice (QDSL) thermoelectric material indicate that with further optimization, QDSL TE materials could propel TE cooling systems into mainstream air conditioner applications. Thermoelectric modules can also be used to produce DC current from a waste heat source. Presently, efficiencies of power generating systems are as high as 14%. Better TE materials are required to go much beyond this performance level. In addition, it may be possible to combine decentralized cooling and waste heat electrical generation. The thermoelectric materials used for power generation are optimized to work at higher operating temperatures than those used for cooling systems. Thermoelectric power generators are configured as shown in Figure D.2. The heat source provides the high temperature and the heat that flows through the thermoelectric converter to the heat sink. The heat sink is maintained at a temperature below that of the source. The temperature differential, T=T1 – T0, across the converter produces direct- current electrical power to a load R (ohms), having a terminal voltage V (volts), and provides a current I (amperes). There is no intermediate conversion process. For this reason, thermoelectric power generation is classified as direct power conversion. The amount of electrical power generated, W (watts), is I2RL, or alternatively VI. The non- thermoelectric quantities must also be identified before a thermoelectric device can be appropriately described. They are Joule heating and thermal conduction. Although a thermoelectric device is made up of many p-type and n-type semiconductor legs, its behavior can be discussed using only one couple. 101PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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