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D APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY RECOVERY APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY RECOVERY Technology Solutions to Minimize Industry Energy Usage Incorporating Waste Heat and Effluent Utilization Introduction This analysis describes the leading technologies for utilizing waste heat and gas emission from U.S. industry. The first section, Cross-Cutting Technologies, applies to all industries; the following sections present several industry-specific opportunities. 1.0 Cross-Cutting Technologies A. Thermoacoustic Air Conditioning Thermoacoustic air conditioning is a rather new cooling technology. The process involves the ingestion of waste heat via forced convection or electricity (which is much less efficient). Cooling is provided through conversion of the waste heat to sound waves. The process is environmentally benign, as it uses inert gases. This technology is reversible in that it can be used to heat as well as cool. Thermoacoustic cooling systems use high-amplitude standing sound waves to pump heat through inert gasses. No toxic, ozone-depleting, or global warming gases are used as working fluids. The thermoacoustic heat transfer process is relatively simple, requiring few moving parts, no sliding seals, and minimal lubrication. At the present time, the efficiency thermoacoustic refrigerators is 20-30% lower than their vapor compression counterparts. Current thermoacoustic refrigerators are inefficient due to technical immaturity. With time and research, improvements in heat exchangers and other sub- systems should narrow the gap. The efficiency in many applications, such as thermoacoustic refrigerators, will improve because these applications can handle “proportional control.” That is, the thermoacoustic refrigerator continually adjusts for varying load conditions. This could lead to higher efficiencies than conventional vapor compression chillers that are only capable of binary control. Proportional control avoids losses due to start-up surges in conventional compressors and reduces the inefficiencies in the heat exchangers, since the proportional systems can operate over smaller temperature gaps between the coolant fluid and the heat load. The heat transfer process for an electrically driven thermoacoustic refrigerator starts when a prime mover (speaker) sets up an acoustic standing wave in a resonator. The working fluid (inert gas) begins vibrating in the direction of the resonator axis. The sound wave produces pressure, which causes the gas molecules to both move and change temperature. A porous solid material called a “stack” uses this adiabatic temperature difference to move heat, creating a heat-pumping action. The length of the stack puts various molecules of gas in series, shuttling heat from one side to another. Heat exchangers at either end of the stack complete the process. The cold-side heat exchanger 99PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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