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A APPENDIX A: UTILIZATION OF CO2 for producing synthesis gas and hydrogen. The total U.S. demand for CO2 for producing synthetic organic chemicals and polymer materials is 163 MMT CO2. The U.S. produc tion of liquid fuels in 1997 corresponds to a need of 513 MMT C, most of which can be met by utilizing CO2 emissions. Most chemical processes are based on catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons, which is the least selective of all reactions, thus contributing to CO2 emissions. There is a significant opportunity to both increase reaction selectivity to reduce CO2 emission and capture CO2 from emissions. The use of CO2 as a raw material for the chemical and energy industry is increasing. Only four industrial processes based on CO2 are on stream, two of which are very mature (urea synthesis and salicylic acid) and do not need catalysts. The other two, carboxyla tion of epoxides and methanol synthesis, need metal catalysts. It is clear that the development of CO2-based processes require the discovery of new transition, metal- assisted, reactions. Understanding the behavior of carbon dioxide and organic substrates towards metal centers will play an important role in the chemical utilization of CO2, with the production of the following products: • Chemical industry – COOH, esters, lactones, -O-C-(O)O- organic carbonates, -N- C(O)O- carbamates, -N-C(O)- ureas, amides; • Energy industry – energy-rich C1 molecules (HCOOH, CO, CH3OH and Cn) hydrocarbons or their derivatives. Most processes for recovering energy from CO2 actually require a net input of energy. Capturing CO2 with solar or another renewable energy is a viable option, contingent upon improved power density from these sources. The energy required to capture CO2 from stack gas using mono-ethanolamine solvent is 0.27 kWh(e)/lb CO2, or 2000 kWhe/ton carbon [25]. If fossil fuel is used to supply this energy, the power plant efficiency is reduced by 30%. Using nuclear power would require $300 billion to capture the total CO2 emitted by power plants, which corresponds to 50% of the total CO2 emitted in the U.S. in 1990 (1.33 G tons C/year). Using improved solvents and optimization of absorption/stripping is expected to decrease the energy requirements for CO2 capture. Solid adsorbents such as zeolites, silica, and molecular sieves can also be used to capture CO2. It is estimated that 0.4 kWh(e)/lb CO2 or 2900 kWh(e)/ton C is required for energy capture using molecular sieves. The efficiency of a coal-burning plant generating 0.56 kWh(e)/lb of CO2 will be reduced by 70% if 0.4 kWh(e) is used to capture the CO2. Hence, it is imperative that an energy-efficient process be found for CO2 capture. In all calculations of energy recovered from emissions, the energy expended on capture/ separation of these emissions needs to be accounted for. 84PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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