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A APPENDIX A: UTILIZATION OF CO2 APPENDIX A: UTILIZATION OF CO2 Opportunities for CO2 Use Energy utilization in modern society is based on combustion of fossil fuels – petroleum, coal, natural gas. The sources of CO2 emissions include stationary, mobile, and natural sources. The stationary sources include fossil-fuel-based electric power plants, indepen dent power producers, manufacturing plants in industry, commercial and residential buildings, flares of gas in fields, military and government facilities. Song et al [27] reviewed CO2 emissions, conversion, and utilization. Several references were cited that described the synthesis of organic chemicals, chemical conversion of CO2 over heterogeneous catalysts, CO2 reforming of methane to produce gas polymer synthesis using supercritical CO2, thermodynamics of chemical reactions, and various chemical reactions involving CO2. The U.S. CO2 emission from fossil fuel corresponds to roughly 24% of the worldwide CO2 emissions during the period 1980 to 1997. The U.S. CO2 emissions from various sectors is listed in the table below. Note that the CO2 emissions from electric utilities is already included within the emission numbers for each sector. By assuming that each sector uses 25% of electricity generated by utilities, it is estimated that the CO2 emissions from the industrial sector was about 352 MMT carbon equivalent in 2004. U.S. Emissions from Different Sectors (MMT of carbon equivalent) CO2 Emission Source 1980 1990 1997 CO2 from Residential Sector 248.4 253.1 286.5 CO2 from Commercial Sector 178.3 206.8 237.2 CO2 from Industrial Sector 484.6 454.1 482.9 CO2 from Transportation Sector 378.1 432.1 473.1 CO2 from End-Use Total 1289.4 1346.1 1479.7 CO2 from Electric Utilities 418.4 476.9 523.4 Estimated emissions from Industrial Sector Effluent 380.0 334.9 352.1 About 60% of U.S. industrial energy is consumed by a few energy-intensive manufactur ing sectors such as iron and steel, chemicals, petroleum refining, cement, and non-ferrous metals. The largest share of industrial energy consumption is for process heat. Mechan ical power and space heating require less energy. It is important that the emissions associated with generating process heat and mechanical power be included in this analysis. Fossil fuel is being burnt to provide process heat. In addition to the heat that can be captured from the effluent, this analysis should take into account the energy content of the effluent gases. Reactions for CO2 conversion are endothermic and require energy input. However, they can be used for various useful reactions such as pyrolysis of hydrocarbons for the manufacture of ethylene and propylene, dehydrogenation reaction for manufacture of petrochemicals such as styrene from ethylbenzene, and steam reforming of hydrocarbons 83PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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