PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 001
Research Article International Journal of Thermal Technologies E-ISSN 2277 – 4114 ©2014 INPRESSCO®, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijtt/ Working fluid selection of low grade heat geothermal Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Mohammed A. Al-WeshahiȦ* , Fathi LatrashḂ, Alexander AndersonȦ and Brian AgnewḂ ȦSchool of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, UK, Newcastle Upon Tyne ḂSchool of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, UK, Newcastle Upon Tyne Accepted 10 February 2014, Available online 01 March 2014, Vol.4, No.1 (March 2014) Abstract The paper presents working fluid selection of the ORC unit powered by geothermal source. A validated model was used to assess 25 working fluids belonging to different chemical compositions, HFC, HCFC, HC, mixture and inorganic. The selection criteria were based on: net produced power, thermal efficiency, refrigerant pump power consumption, evaporating and condensing pressure, safety and environmental consideration. The study revealed that based on the selection criteria and studied ORC unit operating conditions, R236ea, R236fa and R227ea were the preferred refrigerants. Despite R141b, R123, R245ca, R717, R600 and R245fa showed an attractive thermal performance they were discarded because they did not meet the selection criteria. Keywords: ORC, Refrigerant, Geothermal, Selection criteria. 1. Introduction 1 The high demand of electricity causes an increase of fossil fuels consumption that leads to global warming and environmental impacts. Most of the researcher’s attention was driven to investigate the possibilities of utilizing the renewable energy (e.g. solar, wind, hydro and geothermal) or recovering the waste heat from industrial processes. The geothermal energy (thermal energy under the earth’s crust) is an example of the low grade heat source whose temperature varies from 60 oC to 200 oC (Yamamoto, T et al 2001). This type of energy could be used for direct heating or power generation (Basaran, A and Ozegener, L 2013). The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) showed a promising solution for conversion of low grade heat (including the geothermal energy) to electrical energy. The ORC uses a refrigerant as the working fluid instead of water so it can be powered by a low temperature source due to a low specific vaporization heat (Papadopoulos, A. I et al, 2010; Schuster, A et al, 2009; Quoilin, S et al, 2013). The proper selection of the ORC refrigerant is the key for achieving high performance and a cost-effective ORC unit (Tchanche, B. F et al 2009). The good refrigerant candidate owns low specific volume, high efficiency, acceptable pressure within cycle, low ODP, low GWP, low cost, low toxicity and high safety (Yamamoto, T et al, 2001; Tchanche, B. F et al, 2009). The refrigerants are classified according to their chemical composition into chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), hydrocarbons (HC) and mixtures. The CFC *Corresponding author: Mohammed A. Al-Weshahi http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.14741/Ijtt/Mar.2014.02 refrigerants are non-toxic, non-flammable, non-reactive and quite safe and for these reasons have been used for years in industry (Li, J et al, 2012; Hundy, G. F et al, 2008). However, they have a high impact on the ozone layer due to the availability of the chlorine atom in the compound, therefore the Montreal protocol set out a control for their consumption and production in developed countries (Kim, H et al, 2011; Boot, J. L. E, 1990). Examples of the CFC refrigerants are R11, R12, R113, R114 and R115. To avoid the environmental impacts of the CFC, the HCFC was introduced by adding the hydrogen atoms to reduce the impact of the chlorine (Hundy, G. F et al, 2008; Kim, H et al, 2011; Boot, J. L. E, 1990) resulting in lower ODP. These HCFC shared similar physiochemical properties similar to CFC however they are less reactive and have shorter atmospheric lifetime. Despite that, the Montreal protocol planned to totally phase out them by 2030 [Hundy, G. F et al, 2008]. Examples of the HCFC refrigerant are R22, R123, R124 and R131. The unavailability of the chlorine atoms in HCF made them zero ODP with low GWP and raises their importance as a replacer of the CFC and HCFC [Saleh, B and Ozegener, L 2006; Granryd, E, 2001]. R134a, R245fa, R152a and R227ea are examples of the HCF. The HC refrigerants contain the hydrogen and carbon atoms such as butane, isobutene and propane. They have good promising properties as refrigerants; however, the inflammability is their disadvantage. The mixture refrigerants introduced to improve certain properties from mixing different refrigerants. They can be classified into two groups; azeotrope and zoetrope. The azoetrope refrigerants can be considered as one compound because they exhibit the similar composition at liquid and vapor 6 | International Journal of Thermal Technologies, Vol.4, No.1 (March 2014)PDF Image | Working fluid selection of low grade heat geothermal Organic Rankine Cycle
PDF Search Title:
Working fluid selection of low grade heat geothermal Organic Rankine CycleOriginal File Name Searched:
Paper26_121.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |