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Chapter 2: The Organic Rankine Cycle expanders typically show lower internal leakage than scroll and screw expanders. While technically mature turbomachines are available on the market for large ORC units, almost all positive displacement expanders that have been used up to now are prototypes, often derived from existing compressors (Zanelli and Favrat, 1994; Yanagisawa et al., 2001; Aoun and Clodic, 2008; Lemort et al., 2008). Positive displacement expanders are a good substitute to turbomachines for low output powers: their rotating speed is limited (generally 1500 or 3000 rpm on a 50 Hz electrical grid), they are reliable (widely used for compressor applications), they can tolerate the presence of a liquid phase during expansion, and they show a good isentropic efficiency. In such a machine, the decrease of the pressure is caused by an increase of the volume of the expansion chambers. The ratio between the volume of the expansion chamber(s) at the end of the expansion and that at the beginning is called “built-in volume ratio” (rv,in). This expansion is illustrated in Figure 8 in the particular case of a scroll expander: fluid is admitted at the center and trapped in a pocket of fluid that is progressively expanded while traveling to the periphery, where the working fluid is finally discharged. Figure 8: Working principle of a scroll expander The fixed built-in volume ratio can generate two types of losses if the system specific volume ratio is not equal to the expander nominal volume ratio: Under-expansion occurs when the internal volume ratio of the expander is lower than the system specific volume ratio. In that case, the specific volume in the expansion chambers at the end of the expansion process (Pin) is lower than the specific volume in the discharge line. Likewise Over-expansion occurs when the internal volume ratio imposed by the expander is higher than the system specific volume ratio. These two effects can considerably reduce the efficiency of the expansion process, the most common being the under-expansion. As a consequence, volumetric expanders are generally less adapted to high expansion ratios than turbomachines. Other sources of losses include friction losses, supply pressure drop, internal leakage and heat transfers (V. Lemort et al., 2009). To optimize the performance of the expander and minimize under-expansion and over-expansion losses, this built-in volume ratio should match the operating conditions. However, volume expansion ratios achieved in Rankine cycle systems are typically larger than those achieved in vapor compression refrigeration systems, which justifies developing adapted designs of such expanders rather than retrofitting existing compressors. Generally speaking, 14PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Conversion Through the Use of Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Applications.
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