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Chapter 2: The Organic Rankine Cycle 4 Expansion machines Performance of the ORC system strongly correlates with that of the expander. The choice of the machine depends on the operating conditions and on the size of the system. Two main types of machines can be distinguished: the turbo and positive displacement types. Similarly to refrigeration applications, displacement type machines are more appropriate to the small-scale ORC units, because they are characterized by lower flow rates, higher pressure ratios and much lower rotational speeds than turbo-machines (Persson, 1990). 4.1 Turbomachines Currently, two main types of turbines are available: the axial turbine and the radial inflow turbine. Axial turbines show a distinct design when used with high molecular weight working fluids. The main difference between organic fluid and steam is the enthalpy drop during the expansion, much higher for steam. As already mentioned, fewer stages are required when using an organic fluid. Single- stage turbines can even be employed for low or medium temperature ORC cycles. Another characteristic of organic fluids is the low speed of sound. This speed is reached much faster in an ORC than in a steam cycle and constitutes an important limitation: high Mach number can indeed lead to increased irreversibilities and to decreased turbine efficiencies. Radial inflow turbines are designed for high pressure ratios and low working fluid flow rates. Their geometry allows higher peripheral speeds than axial turbine, and therefore a higher enthalpy drop per stage. They also show the advantage of conserving an acceptable efficiency for a large range of part- load conditions. However, unlike the axial turbine, it is uneasy to assemble several stages in series. Figure 7 shows a typical maximum efficiency curve as a function of the specific speed for a radial turbine. The specific speed is defined by: N = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ N ⋅ √ ( V ̇ e x ) ( 1 ) s Δ h0.75 s This maximum efficiency is the design point efficiency. It is obtained only when speed triangles (i.e. the blade angles) are optimized for the design conditions. If an efficiency of 84% is required, the acceptable specific speed range is comprised between 0.3 and 0.9 for this turbine technology (Figure 7). 12PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Conversion Through the Use of Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Applications.
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