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Chapter 2: The Organic Rankine Cycle showed a maximum cycle thermal efficiency of 13%. At 100 km/h, this yields a cycle output of 2.5 kW (for an engine output of 19.2 kW) and represents an increase of the engine thermal efficiency from 28.9% to 32.7%. A competing technology under research and development is the thermoelectric generator (TEG), which is based on the Seebeck effect: its main advantages are a substantially lower weight than the ORC system, and the absence of moving parts. Major drawbacks are the cost of materials (they contain rare earths) and the low achieved efficiency. 3 Comparison with the steam Rankine Cycle Figure 6 shows in the T-s diagram the saturation curves of water and of a few typical organic fluids in ORC applications. Two main differences can be stated: ➢ The slope of the saturated vapor curve (right curve of the dome) is negative for water, while the curve is much more vertical for organic fluids. As a consequence, the limitation of the vapor quality at the end of the expansion process disappears in an ORC cycle, and there is no need to superheat the vapor before the turbine inlet. ➢ The entropy difference between saturated liquid and saturated vapor is much smaller for organic fluids. This also involves that the enthalpy of vaporization is smaller. Therefore, for the same thermal power through the evaporator, the organic working fluid mass flow rate must be much higher than that of water, leading to a higher pump consumption. Superheating. As previously stated, organic fluids usually remain superheated at the end of the expansion. Therefore, there is no need for superheating in ORC cycles, contrary to steam cycles. The absence of condensation also reduces the risk of corrosion on the turbine blade, and increases its lifetime up to 30 years instead of 15-20 for steam turbines (Bundela & Chawla, 2010). Figure 6: T-s diagram of a few typical organic fluids and of water 9PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Conversion Through the Use of Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Applications.
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