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Chapter 2: The Organic Rankine Cycle To recover heat at an acceptable temperature, boreholes must generally be drilled in the ground, for the production well and for the injection well (cfr. Figure 4). The hot brine is pumped from the first one and injected in the second one at a lower temperature. Depending on the geological configuration, boreholes can be several thousands meters deep, requiring several months of continuous work. This leads to a high share of the drilling in the investment cost (up to 70%) of a geothermal ORC plant (Kranz, 2007). Low-temperature geothermal ORC plants are also characterized by a relatively high auxiliary consumption: the pumps consume from 30 up to more than 50% of the gross output power (Frick, 2009). The main consumer is the brine pump that has to circulate the brine on large distances and with an important flow rate. The working fluid pump consumption is also higher than in higher temperature cycles, because the ratio between pump consumption and turbine output power (“back work ratio”) increases with a decreasing evaporating temperature. Higher temperature (>150°C) geothermal heat sources enable combined heat and power generation: the condensing temperature is set to a higher temperature (e.g. 60°C), allowing the cooling water to be used for district heating. In this case, the overall energy recovery efficiency is increased, but at the expense of a lower electrical efficiency. 2.3 Solar power plants Concentrating solar power is a well-proven technology: the sun is tracked and reflected on a linear or on a punctual collector, transferring heat to a fluid at high temperature. The heat is then transferred to a power cycle generating electricity. The three main concentrating technologies are the parabolic dish, the solar tower, and the parabolic trough. Parabolic dishes and solar towers are punctual concentration technologies, leading to a higher concentration Figure 4: Working principle of a geothermal ORC system 5PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Conversion Through the Use of Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Applications.
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