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Chapter 2: The Organic Rankine Cycle For the particular example of Figure 2, although the electrical efficiency of the CHP system is quite low (18%), the overall efficiency of the system is 88% which is much higher than centralized power plants, in which most of the residual heat is lost. In order to reduce heat losses in the flue gases, these gases must be cooled down to the lowest possible value, as long as the acid dew point is not reached. To achieve this, two heat transfer loops are used: a high temperature loop and a low temperature loop. The low temperature loop is installed after the high temperature one on the flue gases to reduce their outlet temperature (Figure 3). The main competing technology for electricity generation from solid biofuels is biomass gasification: In this technology, biomass is transformed into a synthetic gas composed mainly of H2, CO, CO2, CH4. This synthetic gas is treated and filtered to eliminate solid particles, and is finally burned in an internal combustion engine or in a gas turbine. When comparing the technology and the costs of Biomass CHP using an ORC with gasification, it can be showed that gasification yields higher investment costs (about 75%) and higher operation and maintenance costs (about 200%). On the other hand, gasification shows a higher power-to-thermal ratio, which makes its exploitation more profitable (Rentizelas et al., 2009). It should also be noted that ORC is a well-proven technology, while gasification plants actually in operation are mostly prototypes for demonstration purpose. 2.2 Geothermal energy Geothermal heat sources are available over a broad range of temperatures, from a few tens of degrees up to 300°C. The actual technological lower bound for power generation is about 80°C: below this temperature conversion efficiency becomes too small and geothermal plants are not economical. Table 1 indicates the potential for geothermal energy in Europe and shows that this potential is very high for low temperature sources. Temperature 65-90°C 90-120°C 120-150°C 150-225°C 225-350°C MWth MWe 147736 10462 75421 7503 22819 1268 42703 4745 66897 11150 Table 1: Potential for geothermal energy in Europe for different heat source temperature ranges (Data source: (Karytsas, 2007)) 4PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Conversion Through the Use of Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Applications.
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