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Chapter 1: Introduction efficiency policies. Massive technology transfers will also be required to ensure a cleaner development of countries with an emerging economy. According to the EU 2050 Roadmap (European Climate Foundation, 2010), greenhouse gases emissions could be cut by 80% in 2050. This pathway involves the following modifications of the current energy system: 1. A decrease in the energy intensity of buildings (minus 950 TWh/year by 2050) and industry (minus 450 TWh/year). 2. A shift from fossil fuels towards electricity, e.g. for transportation and space heating. 3. Clean power generation by a massive shift towards renewable energies, among which 25% of wind energy, 19% of PV, 5% of CSP, 12% of biomass, 2% of geothermal, 12% of large hydro. 4. A reinforcement of the grid capacity and inter-regional transmission lines to absorb daily and seasonal fluctuations. Amongst the proposed solutions to fulfill these objectives, the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology can play a non-negligible role, in particular for the objectives 1 and 3: ➢ It can have a beneficial effect on the energy intensity of industrial processes, mainly by recovering waste heat (i.e. heat that is otherwise lost). ➢ It can have a positive effect on building consumptions, e.g. using CHP systems. ➢ It can be used to convert renewable heat sources into electricity. This mainly includes geothermal, biomass and solar sources (CSP). ➢ During the shifting transition towards electric vehicles, it can be used to increase the well-to-wheel efficiency by waste heat recovery on the exhaust gases, on the EGR and on the engine coolant. The Organic Rankine Cycle involves the same components as a conventional steam power plant (a boiler, a work-producing expansion device, a condenser and a pump). However, the working fluid is an organic component characterized by a lower ebullition temperature than water and allowing power generation from low heat source temperatures. The success of the ORC technology can be partly explained by its modular feature: a similar ORC system can be used, with little modifications, in conjunction with various heat sources. Moreover, unlike conventional power cycles, this technology allows for local and small scale power generation. Today, Organic Rankine Cycles are commercially available in the MW power range. However very few solutions are actually suitable for the kW scale. This work aims at contributing to the development of the ORC technology, mainly in the small-scale power range. It is organized as follows: 2PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Conversion Through the Use of Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Applications.
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