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Chapter 1: Introduction Modern technology Owes ecology An apology. Alan M. Eddison Energy access is a fundamental parameter for human development. Institutions such as the World Bank, the United Nations or the European Union consider energy as a key-element for promoting or improving base services such as lightning, drinking water access, health services, education or communications. The economic development stated in a number of areas in the world over the last century has involved an important growth in energy consumption. Unfortunately, this growth has been mainly covered by the use of fossil fuels, motivated by economic considerations. Other factors such as atmospheric pollution, limited oil resources and national energy dependence were not properly taken into account. In its first report in 2007, the IPCC formulated the following statement: “Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.” According to the different scenarios the average earth temperature should rise between 2 to 4°C before the end of the century, with dramatic consequences such as the rise of sea levels, higher drought occurrences and desertification, higher frequency of natural disasters, negative impact on biodiversity, etc. 84% of the greenhouse gases emissions are attributable to the energy sector, mainly in the form of carbon dioxide emissions (Quadrelli & Peterson, 2007). These emissions are mainly due to industrialized countries: the ten first emitting countries generate two thirds of the world emissions. It can be feared that the actual development of least-industrialized countries will be accompanied by a dramatic increase in CO2 emissions. Today, a good correlation exists between gross energy consumption and GDP, literacy rate, infant mortality and fertility (Jones & Thompson, 1996). However, more and more voices are being heard, calling for a decoupling between economic growth and resource consumption (Jackson et al., 2011). This decoupling can only be achieved by massive investments in the R&D effort for sustainable energy conversion technologies and by promoting energy 1PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Conversion Through the Use of Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Applications.
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